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1、2019年英语（一）考研真题Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us
2、 just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find y
3、ourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find,
4、 you should 10 see signs of people.If youve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sightsyou may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be
5、 able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming youre lost in a
6、n area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. ASome BMost CFew DAll2. AputBtakeCrun Dcome3. ASince B If C Though DUntil4. Aformally B relatively C gradually D literally5. A back B next C around D
7、 away6. Aonto BoffCacross Dalone7. AunattractiveB uncrowded Cunchanged Dunfamiliar8. A siteBpoint Cway Dplace9. A So B Yet CInstead DBesides10. Aimmediately B intentionally Cunexpectedly D eventually11. Asurprised Bannoyed Cfrightened Dconfused12. A problem Boption Cview Dresult13. A Above all BIn c
8、ontrast C On average D For example14. Abridge Bavoid Cspot Dseparate15. A from B through Cbeyond D under16. A posts Blinks Cshades Dbreaks17. A artificial B mysterious C hidden D limited18. A Finally B Consequently C incidentally D Generally19. A memories B marks C notes D belongings20. A restrict B
9、 adopt C lead D exposeSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses
10、of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial instituti
11、on. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of Englan
12、ds top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a st
13、ock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed
14、 “quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commiss
15、ioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO
16、pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “ a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for
17、at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an
18、interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the_.A. enhance bankers sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee th
19、e bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_.A. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. “short-termism” in economics activities23. It is argued that the influence of transien
20、t investment on public companies can be_.A. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate_.A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. the prevalence of short
21、-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point aver
22、ages) over the past few decadesis often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related forcea policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness al
23、lows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a students overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep
24、 students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most
25、 colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to t
26、heir degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State Universitys registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That s
27、aid, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retentionso better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And any
28、thing that raises GPAs will likely make studentswho, at the end of the day, are paying the billfeel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers expectatio
29、ns for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possibleor at least appear to be. On this, students and colleges incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded
30、 as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C. Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation
31、rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_.A. obtain more financial supportB. boost their student enrollmentsC. improve their teaching qualityD. meet local governments needs
32、29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by_.A. assessing its feasibilityB.
33、 analyzing the causes behind itC. comparing different views on itD. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a r
34、emarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:”What is intelligence, identify, orconsciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being ca
35、lled artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld”
36、 and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machi
37、ne to get there.”But that doesnt mean crucial ethical issues involving AI arent at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, inp
38、ut from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you qu
39、ickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines
40、. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged
41、not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of
42、 intelligent machines reflects humanitys highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankensteins out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA. fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C.
43、involves some concerns raised by AI today.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.32. In David Eaglemans opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot making.C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D. is too limited for us to
44、reproduce it.33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacity.C. causes little public concern.D. has aroused much curiosity.34. The authors attitude toward Googles pledge is one ofA. affirmation.B. skepticism.C. contempt
45、.D. respect.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. AIs Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AIC. The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more pe
46、ople to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dolla
47、rs in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didnt have a physical presence such as a warehouse or o
48、ffice, the business didnt have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they werent charged it, but most didnt realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed f