12并列、从属结构.ppt.ppt

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1、并列结构(Coordinate Construction) l 概念 Acoordinateconstructionisasequenceofsemantically-related grammaticalunitsthataresimilarinform,equalinrankofstructure, identicalinfunctionandareconnectedbycoordinators. l 不同层次的并列结构 trickortreat blueandwhite goodbutexpensive apoetandawriter onewayortheother withcoura

2、gebutwithoutwisdom Jimmaybewrong,butthisdoesntmakeyouright. Maryisanurse,herbrotherisadoctorandherparentsareboth famouswriters. l 并列结构中标点符号的使用(p338-339) 并列句(compoundsentence)的 分类 l 表示同等关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词and连接前后简单句,and常译 为“和”、“并且”,也可不译出来。例如: Helikesplayingfootballandheplayswell. 他喜欢踢足球,并且踢得很好。 Lastye

3、arlmetKateandwebecamefriends. 去年我和凯特相遇,我们成了朋友。 并列句(compoundsentence)的 分类 l 表示转折关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词but(但是),yet(可是),while(而 ,另一方面),however(可是)等连接前后简单句,but常 译为“但是”,“可是”,切不可与从属连词though或 although一起使用。例如: Ithasnomouth,butitcantalk.它没有嘴巴,但是它会 说话。 Schoolisover,yetalltheteachersarestillworking.学校 放学了,可是老师们仍然在

4、工作。 Hewantstobeawriter,whileIwanttobeascientist.他 想当作家,而我则想当科学家。 Itsraininghard,however,wemustgoout.雨下得很大 ,然而我们必须出去。 并列句(compoundsentence)的 分类 l 表示选择关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词or(或者,否则)等连接前后简 单句。 or有两重含义: (1)译为“或者”,表示选择。例如: Nowyoucanhavearestoryoucangotothecinema 现在你可以休息,或者去看电影。 (2)译为“否则”、“要不然”,表示条件。例如: Youm

5、usttellthetruth,oryouwillbepunished你必 须说真话,否则你将会受到惩罚。 并列句(compoundsentence)的 分类 l 表示因果关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词for,so等连接前后简单句。 (1)for在意义上与从属连词because,since和as相同,但它们引 导的是原因状语从句,而for则连接两个简单句,前者表示结果, 后者表示原因。其结构为:简单句(结果)+for+简单句(原因)。 例如:Hehasmanygoodfriends,forheisanhonestman。他 有许多好朋友,因为他是个诚实的男子汉。 (2)so意为“因此”、

6、“所以”,但不能与because同时出现在同一个句 子中。因为because是从属连词,而是并列连词,用来连接并列 句。其结构为: 简单句(原因)+so简单句(结果)。例如: Mr.Liwenttohishometown,soMr.Wangwastakinghisclass instead李老师回家乡去了,所以王老师替他课。 并列句(compoundsentence)的 分类 l 其他形式的并列句 (1)“祈使句+and+简单句”。其中祈使句表示一个条件, 并列连词and引导的简单句则表示一个较好的结果,谓 语常用一般将来时。例如: Useyourhead,andyouwillfindaway

7、动脑筋,你就 会想出办法来。 (2)“祈使句+or+简单句”。祈使句表示一个条件,并列连 词or后的简单句则表示一个不愉快或不理想的结果。例 如: Studyhard,oryouWillfallbehindtheothers努力学 习,否则你就会落于别人。 并列句(compoundsentence)的 分类 (3)“either.or”结构表示“不是就是”,“或者 或者”,例如: Eithermyunclecandoit,ormyauntcandoit.习惯上 将两个句子合并成Eithermyuncleormyauntcandoit. (4)“notonlybutalso”意思为“不仅而且”,

8、例 如: notonlythestudentshavemissedtheschoolcar,but alsotheteacherhasmissedtheschoolcar. (5)“neithernor”结构,意为“既不也不”,“ 两者都不”,用法与eitheror,notonlybut also相同。 使用并列句要注意的几种情况 l 并列句有时可不用连词,而用分号或冒号隔开(前后句之 间的关系须相当紧密)。例如: Wefishedallday;wedidntcatchafish.我们钓了一天 的鱼,一条鱼也没钓到。 l 并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分 ,则相同的部分常可省略

9、。例如: Myfatherworksinafactoryandmymotherinaschool. 我父亲在工厂工作,母亲在学校工作。 l 由so,nor,neither连接的并列句,后一简单句为避免重 复,其成份常倒装并省略一些。例如: Heisnotastudent,noramI. Beibeicanswim,socanI. 从属结构 l 概念 Subordinationmeansputtingagrammaticalunit inalowerrankorposition.Agrammaticalunitthat functionasaconstituentofanotherunitofe

10、qual orlowerrankofstructureiscalledasubordinate construction,whichcanbeafiniteclause,anon- finiteclause,averblessclause,oraphrase. 如果一个语法结构含有同一层次甚至高一层次的结构 为其直接成分,这种现象叫做“从属”。例如: themanwithaguninhishand themanwhowasholdingaguninhishand 从属结构可以是词组(主要是介词词组),也可以是限 定分句、非限定分句或无动词分句。 l 限定从属分句 限定从属分句就是以限定动词词组

11、作谓语动词的从属 分句。例如: Whatcausedthefireisstillamystery. Themanwhodidtherobberyhasbeencaught. Sincethespeakercantcome,wellhaveto cancelthemeeting. 从属分句 名词性分句 l 名词性分句能在句中起名词词组的作用,可以在句中作主语、宾语 、主语补语、同位语和介词补足成分。 l That从句作主语 That从句是由陈述句转化而来的。正式文体中可以将它置于句首 作主语,通常采用it作先行主语,将that从句放在后面。例如: Thatyoudonotlikeherhasno

12、thingtodowithit. Itspossiblethattherellbeavacancy. Itisreportedthatthetroopshavealreadycrossedthe border. l That从句作补足语 That从句也可以在系动词后作补足语,说明事实或想法。例如: Myadviceisthatyoushouldsellthecar. Theanswerissimplythattheyarentinterestedindoingit. l That从句作宾语 That从句最普通的用法是作某些动词的宾语。例如: Hecomplainedthathismealwas

13、cold. Evidenceindicatedthattheexperimentswere unsuccessful. 少数几个介词后可以接that从句充当宾语,如 exceptthat,butthat,savethat,inthat: Ipreferhisplantoyours,inthathisismore practical. Weknownothingabouthersavethather surnameisJones. 名词性分句 l That从句作同位语 同位语从句用于解释说明先行词的内容,通常由that引 导,除此外还可用whether,what等疑问词。例如: Wecameto

14、thedecisionthatwemustactatonce. Hemadeaproposalthatthemeetingbepostponed. thefactthat是较常见的同位语结构,例如: Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbs everybodyintheoffice. Hewasheldresponsibleforthefactthathisdoghad bittenhisneighbor. Itisimpossibletodisguisethefactthatbusinessis bad. 名词性分句 名词性分句 l That的省

15、略问题 That从句充当主语、补语、同位语时,一般不省略。 That从句充当宾语时,如果前面的动词为常用动词, that往往可以省略,如果前面的动词为较正式、不常用 的动词,that不宜省略。例如: Shesaid(that)shewasfeelingbetter. Thejudgeheldthatthechildsinterestsinthis casemustcomefirst. 当一个句子有多个that从句充当宾语时,第一个that 可以省略,但后面的that不能省略。例如: Hetoldme(that)hewouldgofishingtomorrow afternoonandthath

16、ewouldinviteMarytogowith him. l Whether/if从句 Whether/if从句是由一般疑问句转化而来的间接问句 ,采用陈述句的语序。例如: Sheaskedwhether/ifIcouldspeakFrench. Shedidntsayshedgoorstayathome. Tellmeyoulikeitornot. Iamwonderingornotwewillgettherein time. Tellmetodoit. Ididntknowtobelievehimornot. Whether和if都可与or或ornot连用,但 whether可以直接后随

17、ornot,if不行。 Whether后可直接跟不定式,if不行。 充当主语、主语补语、介词宾语,引导同位语时, 应该用whether,不宜用if。 名词性分句 l Wh-从句 Wh-从句是由特殊疑问句转化而来的间接问句,采用陈述 句的语序。试翻译下列句子: 他问我为什么迟到。 至于你应该穿什么衣服,没有特别规定。 他什么时候来取决于天气。 这一切是怎么发生的对我来说是个谜。 问题是我们可以从哪儿获得必需的资金。 He inquired He inquired why I was latewhy I was late. .(宾语)(宾语) There are no special rules

18、as to There are no special rules as to what clothes you should what clothes you should wearwear. .(介词宾语)(介词宾语) When he will comeWhen he will come depends on the weather. depends on the weather.(主语)(主语) Its a mystery to me Its a mystery to me how it all happenedhow it all happened. .(主语)(主语) The prob

19、lem is The problem is where we can get the necessary fundswhere we can get the necessary funds. .(主语补(主语补 语)语) l 形容词性分句(关系分句) l 副词性分句(状语分句) 英语中的从属连词分类 简单从属连词,如 Before,since,although,because,etc. 复杂从属连词 Asif,aslongas,incase,etc. 关联从属连词 asso,sothat,hardlywhen,etc. 边缘从属连词 Themoment,theinstant,etc. Thei

20、nstantshesawhim,sheknewhewasherlost brother. Wherethereisawill,thereisaway. YoumustdotheexercisesasIshowyou. Becauseitwaswet,hedidntgooutforawalkthat day. WhathaveIdonethatyoushouldbesoangrywith me? Theteacherspeaksclearlysothathisstudentscan understandwell. Incaseitrains,wewontbeabletogothereonfoot

21、. 时间状语分句 地点状语分句 方式状语分句 原因状语分句 结果状语分句 目的状语分句 条件状语分句 l When,while,as 三者都可以引导时间状语分句。当用来表示一件事正 在进行的时候(时间状语分句)又发生了另外一件事( 主句)时,三者可以互换使用。例如: Isawhimwhen/while/ashewaswalkinginthe park. 注意要点: n While一般可用when来替代,但when并不都能用 while替代。试比较: JohnarrivedIwascooking. Johnarrived,Iwascooking. heheardaknockatthedoor,h

22、eturnedonthe light. 当时间状语分句的谓语动词是短暂性动词时,常由当时间状语分句的谓语动词是短暂性动词时,常由 whenwhen 引导,因为引导,因为 whilewhile所表达的时间通常指整个时间段或过所表达的时间通常指整个时间段或过 程。程。 when/while When When n 谈论两个或几个同时进行的动作时,最常用的是while 。这种场合,when和as都不常用。例如: WhatwereyouthinkingaboutwhileIwasreadingthe book? Whatwereyoudoingwhilehewasgettingthe drinks?

23、n 如果表示两个短暂性动作同时发生,最常用的是(just) as,也可以用(just)when。例如: Shedroppedherglasses(just)asshestoodup. Ithoughtofit(just)whenyouopenedyourmouth. n 试观察: Shegetsmoreattractiveshegrows. Thethoughtgrewthedaypassed. 如果要说明两个正在发展或变化的情况,通常用如果要说明两个正在发展或变化的情况,通常用 asas。 as as l When的特殊用法 n 表示一件突然的、意料之外的事情。它的构成是主句为进 行时,后接

24、when从句。例如: IwastakingawalkwhenIcameacrosshim. Iwasjustgettingintothebathwhenthetelephone rang. 另一种结构是与beaboutto或beonthepointof连用。 例如: Iwasabouttogotosleepwhentherewasaknockon thedoor. Iwasonthepointofleavingwhenyourang. n 表示“然后”、“而后”的意思。例如: Iexpecttobetheretwodaysorso,whenIshallreturn. Shewasabankcl

25、erktillthewar,whenshetrainedasa nurse. 有人认为这是一种具有并列句性质的非限定性关系分句。 l Hardly/scarcelywhen/before,nosoonerthan 我刚坐下,他就进来了。 我们刚一出发,就下起了暴雨。 还可以将hardly,scarcely,nosooner置于句首,但应注 意倒装。例如: I had I had hardly/scarcelyhardly/scarcely sat down, sat down, when/beforewhen/before he stepped in. he stepped in. We ha

26、d We had no soonerno sooner set out set out thanthan a storm broke. a storm broke. 这两种用法中,主句动词一般用过去完成体,从句动词用一这两种用法中,主句动词一般用过去完成体,从句动词用一 般过去时。般过去时。 Hardly/ScarcelyHardly/Scarcely had I sat down, had I sat down, when/beforewhen/before he stepped in. he stepped in. No soonerNo sooner had we set out had

27、 we set out thanthan a storm broke. a storm broke. l Assoonas,themoment/instant(that) 他们一推开门就听到说话声。(assoonas) 我一眼就认出她来。(theinstant) 我一接到你的口信就动身了。(themoment) 我一做完工作就回家了。( directly/immediately/instantly) They heard voices They heard voices as soon as they opened the dooras soon as they opened the door

28、. . I recognized her I recognized her the instant I saw herthe instant I saw her. . I started I started the very moment I got your messagethe very moment I got your message. . I went home I went home directly/immediately/instantly I had finished directly/immediately/instantly I had finished workwork

29、. . l Asso Astheplanetsrevolveroundthesun,soelectrons revolveroundthenucleusofanatom. 倒装: Asfiretriesgold,sodoesadversitytryvirtue. 沙漠似海,骆驼似舟。 省略: Asinallothersubstances,soinliquidsthe moleculesareconstantlymoving. =Asinallothersubstancesthemoleculesare constantlymoving,soarethemoleculesinliquids. 其

30、它用法: Aslungsaretotheanimals,soleavesaretothe plants.(what) Asyougofarthernorth,(so)thewinterbecomes longer.(themore,themore) As the desert is like a sea, so is the camel like a ship. l Because,for n 使用because常见的错误: Thereason(that/why)westoppedwasbecauseit startedtosnow. Whyhewasabsentwasbecausehewas

31、ill. n Because用于否定式之后,常产生歧义。例如: Shedidnotmarryhimbecausehewasalawyer. Hedoesntlikethembecausetheyarealwayshelpful, butbecausetheynevercomplain. that that Because he was a lawyer, she did not marry him.Because he was a lawyer, she did not marry him. She married him not because he was a lawyer.She mar

32、ried him not because he was a lawyer. He likes them He likes them notnot becausebecause they are always helpful, they are always helpful, butbut becausebecause they never complain. they never complain. n Because与for的用法区别 Thedaybreaks thesunisrising. Thedaybreaksthebirdsaresinging. itwasraininghetook

33、ataxi. A:whydoesthedoctorlooksotiredandsleepy? B:hesatupallnightwiththepatient. ShedidntwanttogotoAfrica,chieflythe weatheristoohot. Itishehasbehavedsobadlythathe mustbepunished. because , for Because Because because because l As,since,nowthat n As表示的原因往往很明显或估计对方已经知道,所以 它只是说话者的附加说明。例如: Asrainhasfall

34、en,theairiscooler. Asshedidntcome,weleftwithouther. n Since用法与as类似,也用于附带说明;不同的是, since有时含有根据存在的情况进行推断的意思,既表 示原因,又有条件的含义,通常译为“既然”。例如: Sincethatisso,thereisnomoretobesaid. Sinceitcantbehelped,letsleaveitatthat. 事情既然如此,还有什么可说的。事情既然如此,还有什么可说的。 既然没有办法,只好让它这样算了。既然没有办法,只好让它这样算了。 n Nowthat引起的从句表示由于新情况的出现而促成

35、某 事发生。它与since的区别在于,它只能表示现在才发 生的情况。例如: Nowthatyoumentionit,Idoremembertheincident. Nowthatithasstoppedraining,letsstartatonce. l Sothat,suchthat,sothat n Sothat表示结果 Shewassoangrythatshecouldntspeak. HewalkedsofastthatIcouldntkeepupwithhim. Jackhassomanyfriendsthathecantrememberall ofthem. n Suchthat表

36、示结果 Itwassuchafoggydaythatwecouldhardlyseethe road. n Sothat表示结果或目的 Johnspokethroughamicrophonesothathecould beheardineveryroom. Sothathecouldbeheardineveryroom,Johnspoke throughamicrophone. Johnspokethroughamicrophone,sothathewas heardineveryroom. 在正式文体中间或也能单独用that-结构表示“结果”。例 如: Hemusthaveannoyedyo

37、uverymuchthatyou spoketohimlikethat. Imustbegettingabsent-mindedthatIforgettobring myticket. (目的) (目的) (结果) So that 表示结果只能置于句末。 l Though,although Although比though正式,语气较重,但二者在意思上 没有什么区别。例如: Hedidntlightthefirethough/althoughitwascold. 虽然它们可以互换,但还是有若干区别的: Iforgetmyappointmenteventhoughmysecretary remin

38、dedme. Thougheveryonedesertyou,Iwillnot. Hesaidhewouldcome;hedidntthough. Childthough/ashewas,hecouldswiminthedeep river. Difficultthoughthetaskwas,theymanagedto completeitintime. Difficultaswasthetask,(主语是名词不是代词,需 倒装) Thoughthepainwasbad,stillhedidntcomplain. AlthoughIbelieveit,yetImustconsider. 不能

39、用but,但是可以用still或yet这样的副词。 l Ifnot与unless Unless肯定式动词if否定式动词。例如: UnlessPeterimproveshiswork,hellfailintheexam. = Ifyoudontputonyourovercoat,youllcatchacold. = Unless的语气比ifnot强,而且较常用。 Unless可用于补充前面的话,这时不能用ifnot替换。 例如: Haveacupofteaunlessyoupreferacolddrink. IcouldnthavegottothemeetingontimeunlessI had

40、caughtanearliertrain. IcouldnthavegottothemeetingontimeifIhadnt caughtanearliertrain. If peter doesnt improve his work, hell fail in the exam. Unless you put on your overcoat, youll catch a cold. 陈述语气 虚拟语气 在虚拟的条件句中,应用if引导,不用unless。例如: Ifyouhadntstudiedhard,youwouldhavefailedthe exam. Shewouldbebettercompanyifshedidntcomplain somuch. 补充:ifonly与onlyif Ifonlytheywereherenow,wewouldbeableto celebratetheirweddinganniversary. Illtellyou,onlyifyoudonttellanybodyelse.

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