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1、从句（Subordinate Clause）是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which等引导词引导的非主句部分。,从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，是一个特殊句子，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。根据从句语法功能的不同可分为： 主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句（名词性）、 定语从句（形容词性）和状语从句（状语性质）6类。,主语从句、表语从句、 宾语从句、同位语从句,名词性从句,What we need is time.,The question
2、 is when we can arrive at the hotel.,I dont think you are right,I heard the news that our team had won,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。,The dog that/which was lost has been found.,状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、 条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。 状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、 不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来
3、担当。,状语,1.副词一般在句子中做状语 He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好. He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree是地点状语. 2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。 I come specially to see you.我专门来看你. 3.介词短语 Ten years ago,Shebegan to live in Dalian. The boy was praised for his bravery.,4.从句作状语 Whenshe was 12 years old, she began to
4、live in Dalian. IfI amnot busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. 5.分词作状语 Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。 Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.,状语从句 （AdverbialClause），在复合句中作状语的从句，叫做状语从句。句子用作状语时，起副词作用。状语从句主要用来修饰
5、主句或主句的谓语。,Adverbial Clauses,时间-when,while,as,after,before,since,until/till, once, as soon as/the moment/immediately 一就 each/every time, by the time,地点-where,anywhere,everywhere,原因-because,since,as, now that(既然),条件-if,unless, suppose（假设）, in case（以防）, so(as) long as（只要）, on condition that（条件是）,让步-(al
6、)though, as, even if, even though, no matter /ever,目的-so that, in order that,结果-so that, sothat, suchthat,方式-as, as if/as though（好像）,比较-than, asas/The, the.,时间状语从句常用连词： _: when, while, as, _: since _: before _: till, until, notuntil _: as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute, directly, insta
7、ntly, _: no sooner than, hardly/scarcelywhen _: each/every time, next time ,直到,当的时候,自从 以来,还没就,一就,在之前,刚就,每次, 下次,必须用when的情况,We were about to go out when the teacher came in. 我们正要出去， 突然老师进来了。 We were doing our homework when the teacher came in. 我们正在写作业时，突然老师进来了。,be about to do sth. when be doing sth. w
8、hen,1. when, while, as,1. 当时 While he was walking in the street, he met Tim. （ 时间状语从句） =While walking in the street, he met Tim. （现在分词作状语） = Walking in the street, he met Tom. （省略while）,2. 然而 （表对比） I like tea while she likes coffee.,必须用while的情况,3. 虽然但是 (表让步) While volleyball is her main focus, shes
9、also great at basketball.,As the sun rose, the fog dispersed. As times goes, its getting colder.,经常用as的情况,强调主从句动作同时发生 有 “随着”或 “一边一边”的意思,_ I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of the store. _ John arrived, I was cooking lunch. _ he grew older, he lost interest in everything
10、except gardening. I was wandering through the street_ I caught sight of a tailors shop.,While/When/As,When,when,when,As,Exercise,1）“还未就;不到就;” We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land. 我们航行了4天4夜才看到陆地. We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired. 我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了. Before I could get in a
11、word, he had measured me. 我还没来得及插话他就给我 量好了尺寸.,2. before, since,I. before,2） 从句中谓语不用否定式 Before they reached the station, the train had gone. 他们还没到火车站，火车已开走了。 3） It will be+一段时间+ before多久之后才 It will be half a year before I come back. 还得呆半年我才能回来. It wont be long before we meet again. 没多长时间我们就会见面了.,2. b
12、efore, since,1）从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词, 主句的谓语动词是延续性的或者是反 复发生过的动作. Since 从句的时态若 是一般过去时, 从句时态是现在完成时 或现在完成进行时. I have written home four times since I came here. 自从我来到这儿, 我给家写了四封信. She has been working in this factory since she left school. 她离开学校以来就在这个工厂工作。,II. since,2. before, since,2） It is+一段时间+since从句 时间从s
13、ince从句的动作完成或状态结束时 算起. It is three years since the war broke out. 自战争爆发以来有三年了. It is three years since I stopped smoking a cigar 我不吸烟有三年了. It is three years since I began to smoke.,我吸烟有三年了.,2. before, since,1. The research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time _ we meet th
14、em again. A. after B. beforeC. since D. when 2. We have never seen her again_ she went to work in another city. A. when B. as C. since D. while 3. He was told that it would be at least three more months _ he could recover and return to work. A. when B. before C. since D. that,Exercise,Until 比till更正式
15、 Until可以放句首,till不可以,I wont leave until/till he comes back. I will stay her until/till he comes back. Until he comes back, I wont go.,It was _ that I left. Not until_.,not until he came back,he comes back will I leave,3. till, until, notunitl,4. as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute, direct
16、ly, the instant, instantly, no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen,As soon as he entered the classroom, the bell rang.,He had _ when the bell rang. He had _ than the bell rang.,hardly entered the room,no sooner entered the room,Hardly/Scarely _ when the bell rang.,had he entered the room,5. each/every t
17、ime, next time, the first/last time, any time, all the time, by the time,Each time I was in trouble, he would come to help me out. Be sure to call me next time you come here. He was ill the last time I visited him. By the time I graduate from this school, I will have been here for three years.,Summa
18、ry,1. I was so familiar with him that I recognized his voice _ I picked up the phone. while B. after C. In case D. the minute 2. How long do you think it will take _ our product becomes popular with the consumers? when B. until C. before D. since,Exercise,3. _ the day went on, the weather got worse.
19、 With B. since C. As D. While 4. He was halfway through his meal _ a familiar voice came to his ears. why B. where C. when D. while 5. Hardly _ into the village _ it began to rain. we had got; when B. we got; than C. had we got; when D. did we get; than,Exercise,Practice,1. How long has this booksho
20、p been in business? -_ 1999. A. After B. In C. From D. Since 2. Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially _ Father was away in France. A. as B. that C. during D. if 3. - I am going to the post office. -_ Youre there, can you get me some stamps? A. As B. While C. Because D. If 4. So
21、meone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up _ I could answer the phone. A. as B. since C. until D. before,D,A,B,D,5. Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? Yes, I gave it to her _ I saw her. A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. once 6. A good storyteller must be a
22、ble to hold his listeners curiosity _ he reaches the end of the story. A. when B. unless C. after D. until 7. Generally speaking, _ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken,B,D,B,8. Was his father very strict with him
23、when he was at school? Yes. He has never praised him _ he became one of the top students in his grade. A. after B. unless C. until D. when 9. He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation _ it got worse. A. until B. when C. before D. as 10. Scientists say it may be five or six years _ it is
24、 possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. since B. after C. before D. when 11. It was evening _ we reached the little town of Winchester . A. that B. until C. since D. before,C,C,C,D,12. _ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand. A. Whil
25、e B. Since C. As D. If 13. We were swimming in the lake _ suddenly the storm started. A. when B. while C. until D. before 14. We were told that we should follow the main road _ we reached the central railway station . A. whenever B. until C. while D. wherever,A,A,B,15. Several weeks had gone by _I r
26、ealized the painting, was missing. A. as B. before C. since D. when 16. Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _she was bitten on the leg by a lion. A. when B. while C. since D. once 17. It is almost five years _we saw each other last time. A. before B. since C. after D. when 18.
27、Simon thought his computer was broken_ his little brother pointed out that he had forgotten to turn it on. A. until B. unless C. after D. because,B,A,B,A,20. Did Jack come back early last night? Yes. It was not yet eight oclock_ he arrived home. A. before B. when C. that D. until 21. - How long do y
28、ou think it will be _ China sends a manned spaceship to the moon? - Perhaps two or three years. A. when B. until C. that D. before 22. You cant have this football back _you promise not to kick it at my cat again, the old man said firmly. A. because B. since C. when D. until,B,D,D,Test,1. I had just
29、stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel _ I heard the steps. A. while B. when C. since D. after 2. That was really a splendid evening. It s years _ I enjoyed myself so much. A. when B. that C. before D. since 3. - Why didnt you tell him about the meeting? - He rushed ou
30、t of the room _I could say a word. A. before B. until C. when D. after,4. The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time _ we meet them again. A. after B. before C. since D. when 5. He was told that it would be at least three more months _he could recover and re
31、turn to work. A. when B. before C. since D. that 6. It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life _ weve actually had that lesson. A. until B. after C. since D. when,7、Im sorry youve been waiting so long, but itll still be some time _ Brian get back. A. before B. since C. till D. after 8、Are you
32、ready for Spain ? - Yes , I want the girls to experience that _ they are young . A. while B. until C. if D. before 9、I used to love that film _ I was a child, but I dont feel it that way any more. A. once B. when C. since D. although 10、10、Jerry rushed home _ he heard the new, only _ that his wife w
33、as gone. A. as soon as; finding B. immediately; to find C. the moment; find D. when; found (10 黑龙江),2. 地点状语从句,地点状语从句用连接副词 where或wherever (在任何地方) 引导。,e.g. a. Just stay where you are. b. You can put the book wherever you want to.,When he reads a book, his habit is to make a mark _ the meaning is uncle
34、ar to him. A. there B. wherever C. the place D. in which 2. If you are travelling _ the customs are totally different from your own, you may feel a cultural shock. A. in the place B. which C. in which D. where,3. 原因状语从句,原因状语从句表示主句中的某一动作或状态所发生的原因。引导这种从句 常用的连接词是：because, since, as, for, now that 及 con
35、sidering等。,e.g. He didnt come to school because he was ill.,c.f. He might be ill, for he didnt come to school.,表示“直接”原因。,表示“间接的推断”原因. 不可出现在句首。,Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada, _ this was a memory she especially treasured. A. as B. if C. when D. where 2. Some peo
36、ple believe that _ oil is running out, the fate of the motor industry is uncertain. A. / B. though C. for D. since,4. 条件状语从句,条件状语从句表示主句中的某一动作或状态是在什么情况或条件下发生的。条件状语从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来。,条件状语从句由从属连词引导：if, unless (除非), as / so long as (只要), on condition (只要), in case (假使) , providing / provided (that) 等。,e.g
37、. a. Well come over to see you on Saturday if we have time.,b. We should serve the people as / so long as we live.,1. We will be able to get there on time, _ our car doesnt break down on the road. as soon as B. as far as C. as long as D. as well as 2. In time of serious accidents, _ we know some bas
38、ic things about first aid, we can save lives. whether B. until C. if D. unless,3. _ you have tried it, you cant imagine how pleasant it is. A. Unless B. Because C. Although D. When 4. The official soon realized that, _, things would get worse. unless dealt with properly if not properly dealing with
39、it unless properly dealt with if dealt not properly with,5. 让步状语从句,在复合句中表示让步概念的状语从句被称为让步状语从句。通常由下列词语引导：though, although, even if, even though, while, no matter who/ , however 等。,由wh-词 + ever构成的连接代词或连接副词也可以引导让步状语从句。,让步状语从句可以位于主句前、后，有时插在主句中间。,e.g. a. I will go, whatever he may say. b. Their tent, thou
40、gh (it was) light as a feather, remained firm.,c. Though / Although he was old, he worked hard. = He was old but he worked hard.,注意一个典型的中国错误： though / although 切不可与but连用。,_ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. While B. since C. Before D. Unless 2. The workers are determine
41、d to go through with their railway project, _ the expenses have risen. as long as B. even though C. now that D. as though,3. _, he knows more than other children of his age. A. However young child he is B. Child as he is C. No matter how young child is D. What a young child he is 4. I really want th
42、e match, however much _. A. does it cost B. costs it C. will it cost D. it costs,5. _ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. For now B. Now that C. By now D. until 6. _, the idea of having to work under a woman defeated him. Wanting the job very much Although wanting t
43、he job badly Though he wanted the job very much He wanted the job badly,6. 目的状语从句,引导目的状语从句的连词:,in order that ,用于正式文体中，所引从句可于主句前或后。,so that,a. 较常用，一般用于主句后,有时可分开，so 有时可省; 从句中要有情态动词，否则, 就成为下一种句型：,b. 无情态动词则引导结果状语从句。,for fear that; in case; lest (以免)等。,e.g. a. Well sit nearer the front so we can hear bet
44、ter. b. I shall write it down lest I should forget.,注意：当从句与主句的主语一致时，可用so as to do 或 in order to do ,e.g. He ran fast so that he might arrive there before ten oclock. ,He ran fast so as to arrive there before ten oclock.,7. 结果状语从句,结果状语从句常位于主句之后，由so, so that, such that; so that 等引导。,e.g. a. So quickly
45、 did he run that I couldnt catch up with him. b. The bus broke down so that we had to walk home. c. He got to the station finally, only to find the train had left.,8. 方式状语从句,描述主句动作进行方式的状语被称为方式状语。通常用下列词语引导：as, just as, as if, as though, according to 等。,e.g. a. We must do as the Party tells us. b. Lea
46、ve the things as they are. c. Most plants need sunlight just as they need water. d. It sounds as if it is raining.,9. 比较状语从句,比较状语从句常由下列词语引导： as as, not so / as as, morethan, less than, the more + adj. / adv., the more + adj. / adv.,e.g. a. He is not so / as healthy as his brother. b. They jumped up
47、and down as hard as they could. c. John is less clever than Peter.,Roses need special care _ they can live through winter. because B. so that C. even if D. as 2. If things are left _ they are, the problems will never be settled, Im afraid. how B. as C. what D. where,3. Careful surveys have pointed o
48、ut that as many as 50 percent of the patients do not take drugs _ directed. like B. so C. which D. as 4. I dare not go there _ my parents will see me. in case of B. for fear of C. in order that D. for fear that,误区警示,Translation:,1.一旦你掌握了这种方法，你就会觉得很有用场。 2.他做完了家庭作业后，出去玩了。 3.在有问题的地方作个记号。 4.武汉位于长江和汉江交汇处
49、。 5.因为我喜欢，所以我把这事给做了。 6.既然大家都在这儿，那我们一起讨论一下，然后作个决定。,Once you master this method, youll find its quite useful.,After he finished his homework,he went out to play.,Make a mark where you have a question.,Wuhan lies where the Yangtze River and the Han River meet.,I do it because I like it.,Now that everyo
50、ne is here, lets have a discussion and then make a decision.,7.只要我们不灰心，我们会找出解决困难的办法来的。 8.如果天气允许的话，我就会去那儿。 9.虽然我们缺少人手，但我们会想法按时完成工作的。 10.他虽然是个孩子，但懂得很多。 11.无论有多远，今晚我都会开车去那儿的。,As long as we dont lose heart,well find a way to overcome the difficulty.,If weather permits,I will go there.,Well try to finish