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1、.Lecture 2 Infinitive-动词不定式1非谓语动词 (Non-Predicate Verb)：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。1.1 非谓语动词与谓语动词相似点有：1.如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用。They built a house.They suggested building a house.2.都可被状语修饰。The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit him very well.3.都有主动与被动，“体”式（一般式、进行式和完成式）的变化。He was beaten by
2、his parents.He avoided being beaten by his parents.We have written composition.Having written the composition, we handed it in.4.都可有逻辑主语。We started the work at once.The boss ordered us to start the work at once.We are Party members.We being Party members, the work was well done.1.2非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：1.
3、2.1非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中作主语、宾语、表语。1.2.2 非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作定语、表语或宾语补足语。1.2.3 非谓 语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。2 动词不定式的结构形式 主 动被 动一 般to doto be done完 成to have doneto have been done进 行to be doing×温馨口诀：动作同时一般式，有时还用进行式，前面动作完成式。被动要有被动式，否定to前加not。2.1一般式（动词不定式表示的动作与谓语动作同时或之后发生。）Im glad
4、 to meet you.(同时)He wants to be an artist.(之后)The matter to be discussed at the meeting is a hard nut to crack.2.2 进行式（动词不定式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生。）He seems to be reading in his room.(同时)2.3 完成式（动词不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。）I regretted to have told a lie.I am sorry for the article not to have been finished in time.
5、3 动词不定式的作用。温馨口诀：主宾表定状，宾补能用上。3.1 作主语 To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语。It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.3.2 作表语His job is to clean the hall.3.3 作宾语I hope to see you.如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语
6、，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面。He found it important to study English.也可以充当介词宾语。I have no choice but to stay here.They did nothing except work.有时也可与疑问词连用。He gave us some advice on how to study English.3.4 作宾补I saw him come in.3.5 作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后面。He was the last guest to arrive. (主动关系）He found a
7、 good house to live in. (动宾关系）I have no wish to quarrel with you. (同位关系）如果不定式修饰名词time, place, way,可以省略介词。He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.3.6 作 状语He worked day and night to get money.(表目的）He arrived late to find the train gone.(表结果)They were sad to hear the news.
8、(表原因)3.7 作主补She is known to be a good teacher.3.8 作独立成分To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.4带to动词不定式做宾语4.1 要想干，同意办，愿意不愿意，决定尽量干。A.要求，想要，希望：want wish hope expect intend meanB.同意：agree promiseC.意愿：care hate refuseD.决定，企图：determine decide attempt try manage4.2 其它动词：Afford aim appear arr
9、ange bother believe choose claim come consent dare demand desire decline elect endeavor fail hesitate offer happen help seek learn neglect pledge plan prepare pretend seem swear undertake volunteer wait long(渴望)5不带to的动词不定式的常用动词和结构：5.1温馨口诀:一感feel, 二听hear, listen to ,三让 have, let, make, bid(旧用法：嘱咐、命令)
10、,四看 see, look at, observe, watch; 还有 except 和 but, 前面有 实义动词do, to 略去;主语从句有实义动词do式，to有to无都可以。其它不带to的不定式情况：5.2 在半助动词之后，如：be about to/ be able to/ be apt to/ be bound to/ be due to/ be going to / be liable to/ be obliged to/ be supposed to/ be sure to/ be to/ be willing to / had better/best/ have to/ h
11、ave got to / come to / fail to / get to/ tend to /be certain to/ be (un)likely to / appear to / chance to / happen to/ seem to/ turn out to/ etc. (p210. 18.1.1/p220.19.1.2. b)直接加上不含to的不定式。The boy has to make a living by begging. He is unwilling to help me with my English. He seems to be very disappo
12、inted.注：半助动词含有的“to”,不能看成小品词，而应该看成半助动词的一部分，不能分割。5.3 在情态成语之后，直接加上不带to的不定式。would rather/would sooner/would (just) as soon +than-/as-+do (宁愿而不愿)may/might (just) as well do(不妨，可以)cannot but/ cannot help but(不能不，不由得不)The hero said: “I would rather die than surrender.”Since its a fine day we may as well ha
13、ve a walk.I cannot but choose to go.I would as soon stay at home.5.4 rather than/sooner than 用法。5.4.1 rather than与sooner than同义，多与would连用，构成“would rather.than.”句式，均作“宁可而不”解释，表示主观愿望，即在两者之中选择其一。前者多见，置于句首时，其后跟不带to的不定式。Sooner than marry him, she would earn her living as a waitress.Rather than lose the c
14、hildren, she would die.当rather than与sooner than出现于句中其他位置时，其后不定式既可带to也可不带to.I decided to go home by taxi rather than wait here.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.5.4.2 rather than 不与would连用时，表示客观事实，意为“是而不是；与其不如”。它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名
15、词、分句、不定式、动词等。5.4.2.1连接两个名词或代词He is an explorer rather than a sailor.与其说他是一个海员，不如说他是一个探险者。 You rather than I are going to go camping.是你而不是我要去要野营。 注意：rather than 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。5.4.2.2 连接两个形容词 The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap.与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂
16、亮。5.4.2.3 连接两个介词(短语)或动名词 We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall.我们是在教室里开会，不是在大厅里。She enjoys singing rather than dancing. 她喜欢唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。5.4.2.4连接两个分句 We should help him rather than he should help us.是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们。5.4.2.5连接两个动词He ran rather than walked. 他是跑来的，而不是走来
17、的。注意：这里rather than 后用了walked，而没有用walk，表示客观事实，而不是主观愿望。如果换成walk，则作“宁愿而不愿 ”解。He ran rather than walk. 他宁愿跑，也不愿走路。5.5Why/Why not表示建议。Why go there?Why not try to train your character?5.6温馨口诀:连接两个不定式，第二个符号可省略;对比意义不可省，不用连词也不省，三个以上更不省。1.I intend to call on him and discuss this question again.(两个并列不定式）2. He
18、hasnt decided whether to leave or to stay.（对比不定式）3. Please go to the seaside to swim, to get suntanned. （无连词连接的不定式）4. Get ready to learn from others, to respect others and to help others.（连接三个以上不定式）5.7“主动词主动词”固定搭配的第一个动词之后加上省略to的主动词（p.221.19.1.2.e)Make believe(假装),make do (with/on)（凑合，将就，靠维持）,let dro
19、p/let fall（有意无意说出) ,let fly (at)（发出，射出）,let slip(无意说出，错过机会),let go (of)/leave go of （放开，放手）, hear tell (of)（听说）,(let)go hang（见鬼去吧，才不在乎）等。He let fall a hint of his intentions.They are not rich, but they make do on what they have.Lets make believe we have a million dollars.The chance was let slip.It w
20、ould be crazy to let a chance like that slip.6带to不定式做宾补：(p.237.20.3.2)6.1劝教命请叫：advise teach order command ask tell6.2允许又警告：allow permit warn6.3使役帮想望：cause let have make help get wish want expect6.4知觉全部上：feel hear watch see observe notice6.5 其它动词：appoint believe challenge compel consider declare driv
21、e enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like persuade remind report request require select send state surprise think train trust understand urge beg intend pretend say6.6 在某些动词词组中：arrange for/call on/care for/count on (依靠/指望) count upon/
22、depend upon/long for/prepare for/prevail upon(劝说)/rely on/vote for/ wait for 等后面，也可以跟宾语加不定式的复合结构。The premier calls on the people to lead a simple life.They voted for Dr. Zhang to be the president of their university.6.7 V. to do sth.或V. sb to do sth.的动词有： ask beg choose expect hate help intend wish
23、like love need prefer prepare promise want7动词不定式的否定形式：在不定式to前面加not或否定副词never, seldom, hardly等，不带to的不定式在动词原形前加not或否定副词。8“动词疑问词带to的不定式”结构常见动词：advise consider decide discuss explain find out forget bear inquire know learn regard remember see settle show teach tell think understand wonder. 疑问词是疑问代词who,
24、whom, what, which, whose和疑问副词when, where, how, why 以及连接词whether.1. Please show us how to do that.(做宾语)2. Where to go is a problem.（做主语）3. The problem is how to get there in time.（做表语）4. I have no idea which to read first.（做同位语）5. Have you told him where to get the application form?（做宾补）9不定式的特殊句型such
25、 as to, soas to 和 so as to9.1 such as to, suchas to和soas to表示程度 (如此.以至于)：such as to:如此以至于。such在这里是代词，有“这样，这种,如此（地步）”的意思，as to:以至于。His story was such as to deceive everyone.It was such an accident as to claim 20 lives.Who could be so mean as to do a thing like that?(谁会卑鄙到做出那种事情的程度？)9.2 so as (not) to
26、 表示目的：He kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.9.3 be so kind as to（常用于口语）劳驾Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?9.4其他固定搭配的不定式表示结果：enough toIs that room big enough to seat all of us?9.5 其他固定搭配的不定式表示目的：to; only to(仅仅为了)，in order to（为了)I come here only to say good-bye to you.W
27、e got up early in order to catch the first bus.I went home to change my shoes.9.6 tooto太以至于9.6.1当too后是 glad, pleased, happy, delighted, satisfied, ready, willing, kind, apt, good, true, easy, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious等形容词或副词时，too等于very。They are too anxious to leave.He is
28、too ready to help others.9.6.2 当too前面有only, all, but, never时，意思是“非常”，too等于very.Im all too pleased to be able to help you.Its never too late to mend.9.6.3当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时，too等于very.He is too wise not to see that.他很聪明，不会不懂这一点。9.7 Only to+动词原形：不料竟会，没想到会(用于表示不好的结果)They hurried to the station, only t
29、o find the train left.He searched the room only to find nothing.10不定式的复合结构作主语后置有时，为强调不定式的行为属性，可用“it is+形容词for somebody+不定式”句型，常见的形容词和结构有：(p.231.20.1.2)easy difficult hard important possible impossible better necessary comfortable essential the first the next the last the best too much too little not
30、 enoughIts necessary for you to review each lesson carefully before the exam.Its quite important for us to read good books during the period of general review.有时也可用“for +there to be”表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）Its a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.为强调人物的性格和特征，则采用“It is +形容词of som
31、ebody+不定式”句型。常见的形容词和结构有：(p.230.20.1.1)Kind nice stupid rude clever foolish thoughtful thoughtless brave considerate silly selfish careless impolite good naughty bold honest sensible unwise wrong right bad1. It is very kind of you to help me.2. It is so stupid of him to do such a silly thing.11动词不定式主
32、动形式代替被动形式11.1 主语系V.+ adj. +to do sth.(p.231.20.1.2) （主语是名词）The man isnt easy to please.Foreign languages are difficult to learn well.Good novels are interesting to read.The street is difficult to find on the map.The picture is pleasant to look at.能这样后带动词不定式的形容词有：difficult easy hard pleasant nice dangerous light heavy important expensive cheap simple interesting etc.11.2 当动词不定式的逻辑评语是该动词不定式表示的动作的承受者，则用被动;但如与句中另一个名词或代词有主谓关系时，则用主动代替被动。被动关系He wants his shoes to be mended. 无主动关系无主动关系We still have many difficulties to overcome被动关系主动关系；.