1、科技文体的汉译英 科技文体的范畴科技文体可以泛指一切论及或谈及科学和技术科技文体可以泛指一切论及或谈及科学和技术的书面语和口语，其中包括：的书面语和口语，其中包括：1.1.科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案；科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案；2.2.各类科技情报和文字资料；各类科技情报和文字资料；3.3.科技实用手册科技实用手册(Operative Means,(Operative Means,包括仪器、包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等）的结构描述和操作规程；仪表、机械、工具等）的结构描述和操作规程；4.4.有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语；有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语；
2、5.5.有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词，有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词，等等。等等。1.科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案；2.各类科技情报和文字资料；这两项科技英语，在文体学上统称为科学散文。(scientific prose)科技英语文体总貌着重叙事逻辑上的联贯着重叙事逻辑上的联贯(Coherence)(Coherence)及表达上的及表达上的明晰明晰(Clarity)(Clarity)与畅达与畅达(Fluency)(Fluency)；避免行文晦；避免行文晦涩，作者避免表露个人感情，避免论证上的主涩，作者避免表露个人感情，避免论证上的主观随意性。观随意性。因此，科技英
3、语总是力求少用或不因此，科技英语总是力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词。叹词及疑问词。科技英语结构力求平易科技英语结构力求平易(Plainness)(Plainness)和精确和精确(Preciseness)(Preciseness)，因此尽力避免使用旨在加强语，因此尽力避免使用旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的各种修辞格，忌用夸张、言感染力和宣传效果的各种修辞格，忌用夸张、借喻、讥讽、反诘、双关及押韵等修辞手段，借喻、讥讽、反诘、双关及押韵等修辞手段，以免使读者产生行文浮华、内容虚饰之感。以免使读者产生行文浮华、内容虚饰之感。
4、科技文体的一般特征(1)(1)无人称（无人称（Impersonal)Impersonal)(2)(2)语气正式语气正式 (Formal in Mode of(Formal in Mode of Speech)Speech)(3)(3)陈述客观、准确陈述客观、准确(Objective and(Objective and Accurate in Statement)Accurate in Statement)(4)(4)语言规范语言规范 (Standard in Language)(Standard in Language)(5)(5)文体质朴文体质朴 (Unadorned in stylisti
5、cs)(Unadorned in stylistics)(6)(6)逻辑性强逻辑性强 (Strict in Logic)(Strict in Logic)(7)(7)专业术语性强专业术语性强 (Concentrated in(Concentrated in Technical Terms)Technical Terms)（1）无人称绝大多数科技文章很少使用有人称的句子。绝大多数科技文章很少使用有人称的句子。这这主要是由于科技文章所描述和所讨论的是科学主要是由于科技文章所描述和所讨论的是科学发现或科技实事。发现或科技实事。尽管科技活动系人类所为，尽管科技活动系人类所为，但由于科技文章所报告的主要
6、是这种科技的结但由于科技文章所报告的主要是这种科技的结果或自然规律，而不是报告这些结果或自然规果或自然规律，而不是报告这些结果或自然规律是由谁发现或完成的，因此，科技文章往往律是由谁发现或完成的，因此，科技文章往往没有人称。没有人称。无人称不是绝对的；总的来说，人称句在科技无人称不是绝对的；总的来说，人称句在科技文章中的比例很小。文章中的比例很小。The general layout of the illumination system and lenses of the microscope corresponds to the layout of the light microscope.
7、The electron“gun”which produces the electrons is equivalent to the light source of the optical microscope.The electrons are accelerated by a high-voltage potential(usually 40,000 to 100 000 volts),and pass through a condenser lens system usually composed of two magnetic lenses.The system concentrate
8、s the beam on to the specimen,and the objective lens provides the primary magnification.The final images in the electron microscope must be projected on to a phosphor-coated screen so that it can be seen.For this reason,the lenses that are equivalent of the eyepiece in an optical microscope are call
9、ed“projector”lenses.(From Thornley G C,Further Scientific English Practice)（2）语气正式A Talk about CorrosionA Talk about Corrosion Dr.BrownDr.Brown:Good Morning,Mr.Smith.Can I take your coat?:Good Morning,Mr.Smith.Can I take your coat?Awful weather,isnt it?Sit down.Cigarette?Awful weather,isnt it?Sit do
10、wn.Cigarette?Mr.SmithMr.Smith:No,I dont smoke,thanks very much.:No,I dont smoke,thanks very much.Dr.BrownDr.Brown:Well,Ive been looking into your enquiry about:Well,Ive been looking into your enquiry about the corrosion trouble youve been getting in the control the corrosion trouble youve been getti
11、ng in the control valve.Im sorry youve had trouble-quite unexpected-valve.Im sorry youve had trouble-quite unexpected-but I think we have the answer.The most probable cause of but I think we have the answer.The most probable cause of corrosion at a metal-to-metal junction immersed in an corrosion at
12、 a metal-to-metal junction immersed in an ionized fluid is electrolytic.ionized fluid is electrolytic.(From BBC,(From BBC,Scientifically SpeakingScientifically Speaking)（3）陈述客观、准确科技文章是反映客观事实的，文章中不能参杂作者个人的主观意识，不能带个人感情色彩，对客观事实的陈述必须客观、准确。这既是科技文章的特征，也是对科技文章作者的基本要求。（4）语言规范科技文章的语言一般比较规范，主要表现为语法的规范性。这与文学作品
13、有很大不同。科技文章的语法之所以规范，是因为其描述的客观事物必须准确无误这一要求决定的。（5）文体质朴在修辞手段上，科技文章以交际修辞为主（Dominated in communicative rhetoric),文风质朴、描述准确，不像文学文体那样富于美学修辞（Aesthetic rhetoric)手段和艺术色彩。主要表现在语言的统一性（Unity)和连贯性(Coherence)强，语句平衡匀密，简洁而不单调，语句长而不累赘、迂回。消极修辞和积极修辞根据现代修辞学的观点，修辞的目的在于提高根据现代修辞学的观点，修辞的目的在于提高语言的表达效果语言的表达效果（Brooks&Warren 197
14、9)Brooks&Warren 1979)消极修辞（交际修辞）消极修辞（交际修辞）：在总体上注重逻辑思：在总体上注重逻辑思维，其重点在于使语言表达简明、流畅、准确，维，其重点在于使语言表达简明、流畅、准确，有效地发挥语言的交际功能。有效地发挥语言的交际功能。“意义明确、伦意义明确、伦次通顺、词句平匀、安排稳密。次通顺、词句平匀、安排稳密。”（陈望道）（陈望道）积极修辞（美学修辞）积极修辞（美学修辞）：在把握逻辑思维的基：在把握逻辑思维的基础上，偏重于语言表达的生动、活泼、优雅、础上，偏重于语言表达的生动、活泼、优雅、具感染力，从而取得语言的艺术性表达效果。具感染力，从而取得语言的艺术性表达效果
15、Sir,we have done everything that could be done to Sir,we have done everything that could be done to avert to the storm which is now coming on.We avert to the storm which is now coming on.We have petitioned;we have remonstrated;we have have petitioned;we have remonstrated;we have supplicated;we have
16、 prostrated ourselves before supplicated;we have prostrated ourselves before the throne,and have implored its interposition to the throne,and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament.Our petitions ha
17、ve been slighted;our Parliament.Our petitions have been slighted;our remonstrancesremonstrances have produced additional violence have produced additional violence and insult;our supplications have been and insult;our supplications have been disregarded;and we have been spurned,with disregarded;and
18、we have been spurned,with contempt,from the foot of throne,There is no contempt,from the foot of throne,There is no longer any room for hope.longer any room for hope.There is no retreat but in submission and slavery!Our chains are forged.Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston!The war is
19、 inevitable and let it come!I repeat it,sir,let it come!Is life so dear,or peace so sweet,as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?Forbid it,Almighty God!I know not what course other may take,but for me,give me liberty or give me death!（6）逻辑性强概念准确，判断合理、恰当，推理严密。赵祖谟小说创作隐性逻辑“无论文学家还是科学家，其思维
20、都离不开感无论文学家还是科学家，其思维都离不开感情、形象、理性，这一点当前已形成共识。那情、形象、理性，这一点当前已形成共识。那么小说家和科学家思维方式的不同究竟在哪里么小说家和科学家思维方式的不同究竟在哪里？就在于情感、形象、理性诸因素在整个思维？就在于情感、形象、理性诸因素在整个思维活动中所处的地位、所起的作用不同。科学家活动中所处的地位、所起的作用不同。科学家是人，而人不可能无情。但科学家之情推动他是人，而人不可能无情。但科学家之情推动他力求客观地、冷静地做出判断、推理，科学家力求客观地、冷静地做出判断、推理，科学家以抽象的论证为指归。以抽象的论证为指归。科学研究的成果既有抽科学研究的成
21、果既有抽象的理论又有形象的营构，其内核是理性，他象的理论又有形象的营构，其内核是理性，他力避主观情感对客观事物的介入。力避主观情感对客观事物的介入。”“小说家是人，是人就不能无理。但小说家的理在整个创作过程中始终同情紧密结合，不能一时一刻忘记情。小说家以创造形象为指归。而形象的内核是情，因而小说家要强化感情的介入，讲究移情。”小说创作隐性逻辑 赵先生这里所说的“理”即是逻辑，“情”即是修辞（美学修辞）。由此可见，无论科技文章还是文学作品，都离不开逻辑和修辞（美学修辞），只是前者逻辑性突出，而后者富于修辞（美学修辞）和艺术色彩罢了。（7）专业术语性强众所周知，科技文章（科普文章除外）均有一个专业
22、范围。一般来说，其读者均是“本专业”的科技人员，至少说是文章是为“本专业”的读者而写的。专业术语是构成科技理论的语言基础，其余一具有严谨性和单一性。采用术语写作能使文章更加准确而简洁。专业术语十分密集It is possible to prove that as the number of tosses It is possible to prove that as the number of tosses of coin is increased indefinitely,or of coin is increased indefinitely,or“to infinity”,“to inf
23、inity”,so the so the binomial distributionbinomial distribution becomes identical with becomes identical with the the normal distributionnormal distribution.For each kind of.For each kind of random random eventevent there is an there is an underlying distributionunderlying distribution.The.The norma
24、l or Gaussiannormal or Gaussian distributiondistribution is very important is very important because it arises very often in practice and also because it arises very often in practice and also because it is very important in theory.Many because it is very important in theory.Many distributionsdistri
25、butions like like binomialbinomial tend to become more tend to become more and more like the normal as the number of events and more like the normal as the number of events or the size of the or the size of the sample sample increases.increases.Another well-known statistical distribution is the Pois
26、son distribution.If we are dealing with the frequency of occurrence of events which occur at random in time and space,we should expect the Poisson distribution to play some part in the calculation.(From BBC,Scientifically Speaking)借用动物名称的专业术语借用动物名称的专业术语 英语 日常用语意义 机械专业术语意义 pig 猪 金属锭块 dog 狗 挡块，止动爪 cat
27、 猫 吊锚，履带拖拉机 cock 公鸡 旋塞，吊车 horse 马 支架，铁杆 fish 鱼 接合板，夹板 snake 蛇 斑点 monkey 猴子 活动板手，起重机小车 fox 狐狸 绳索 bird 鸟 飞机，火箭 英语英语英语英语 日常用语意义日常用语意义日常用语意义日常用语意义 机械专业术语意义机械专业术语意义机械专业术语意义机械专业术语意义 coat coat 外衣外衣 镀层镀层 cap cap 帽子帽子 轴承盖，罩壳轴承盖，罩壳 shoe shoe 鞋子鞋子 闸瓦，履带片闸瓦，履带片 cup cup 杯子杯子 皮碗，轴套皮碗，轴套 bed bed 床床 底座，机床身底座，机床身 be
28、nch bench 长凳长凳 拉床，钳工台拉床，钳工台 house house 房子房子 箱体，罩箱体，罩 disk disk 唱片唱片 硬磨盘硬磨盘 desk desk 书桌书桌 控制屏控制屏 table table 桌子桌子 放料盘放料盘 借用物品名称的专业术语 英语英语英语英语 日常用语意义日常用语意义日常用语意义日常用语意义 机械专业术语意义机械专业术语意义机械专业术语意义机械专业术语意义 eye eye 眼眼 孔环孔环 ear ear 耳耳 吊钩吊钩 mouth mouth 口口 开度开度 nose nose 鼻鼻 喷嘴喷嘴 hand hand 手手 手柄，指针手柄，指针 finge
29、r finger 手指手指 厚薄规厚薄规 foot foot 脚脚 支座支座 head head 头头 冒口，刀架冒口，刀架 neck neck 颈颈 座座 body body 身体身体 机身机身 hair hair 头发头发 游丝游丝 tooth tooth 牙齿牙齿 粗糙面粗糙面 借用人体器官名称的专业术语注意事项任何一种文体的语言特征都不是绝对的。现代科普英语出现了与上述文体特征并行的趋势，即强调摆脱科技文体的因袭文风(EST Stereotype)，力求洗刷科技文章的枯涩与沉闷感(Dullness and Heaviness)。科普作品的作者往往采用比较通俗的文风，融知识性和趣味性于一
30、体，用词灵活，词句带有一定的感情色彩，尽量减少使用专业术语，有时也使用人称和比较华丽的词藻。科普文章举例 A large proportion of strokes are proceed days,A large proportion of strokes are proceed days,weeks or months before the strokes occur by weeks or months before the strokes occur by warning signs or symptoms.Prompt attention to warning signs or sy
31、mptoms.Prompt attention to these symptoms can often make all the difference these symptoms can often make all the difference between a healthy life and a half-life in a twilight between a healthy life and a half-life in a twilight zone.zone.The most common warning sign is a feeling of The most commo
32、n warning sign is a feeling of weakness or numbness in an arm or leg or one side weakness or numbness in an arm or leg or one side of the body.There may be temporary loss of of the body.There may be temporary loss of speech or difficulty in speaking or understanding speech or difficulty in speaking
33、or understanding speech;temporary loss or dimness or vision;speech;temporary loss or dimness or vision;temporary dizziness,unsteadiness or fainting temporary dizziness,unsteadiness or fainting spells.spells.These symptoms are caused by“transient ischemic These symptoms are caused by“transient ischem
34、ic attacks(TIAs),or“little strokes”.Ischemic means attacks(TIAs),or“little strokes”.Ischemic means a deficiency of blood in the arteries of the brain.In a deficiency of blood in the arteries of the brain.In TIAs,the deficiency lasts only for a few seconds TIAs,the deficiency lasts only for a few sec
35、onds or minutes and causes only momentary disability.or minutes and causes only momentary disability.As TIAs-they may be infrequent or occur As TIAs-they may be infrequent or occur several times a day-are usually very brief and several times a day-are usually very brief and not alarming they are oft
36、en ignored,with tragic not alarming they are often ignored,with tragic consequences.If consequences.If you you promptly report them to promptly report them to youryour doctor,doctor,hehe will take immediate steps to discover the will take immediate steps to discover the cause in order to prevent any
37、 impending strokes.cause in order to prevent any impending strokes.达尔文的物种起源选段 It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank,It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank,clothed with many plants of many kinds,with birds clothed with many plants of many kinds,with birds singing on the bushes,with
38、 various insects flitting singing on the bushes,with various insects flitting about,and with worms crawling through the damp about,and with worms crawling through the damp earth,and to reflect that these elaborately earth,and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms,so different from each
39、 other,constructed forms,so different from each other,and dependent upon each other in so complex a and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner,have all been produced by laws acting manner,have all been produced by laws acting around us.(around us.(美学修辞手段：隐喻、拟人、排比美学修辞手段：隐喻、拟人、排比等）等）这是科技文体的变
40、异，但并不是科技文体特征的主流。科技文章的句法特征（）在人称的使用上，强调文章的客观性，汉语中常使用“笔者”、“我们”、“本文”而不使用“我”来充当得出某一结论的主语；英语中则常使用The author thinks that/The authors have investigated/This paper illustrates等句式。（2）英语科技文章名词化结构用得多。（）时态变化不明显：汉语里的动词无时态变化，动词所发生的时间往往是通过时间状语表示。英语中叙述客观事实几乎千篇一律使用现在时。（）在语态方面，汉语中主动语态使用较多，而英语中，被动语态使用较多。（）汉语和英语的科技文章中，句
41、子结构都较为复杂。科技写作的要求和科技翻译的标准科技写作要求结构严谨、富有逻辑；在语言表达上坚持准确(precision)、清晰(clarity)和简洁(brevity)的三大顺序原则。“These three criteria are highly desirable in scientific writing but they should always be considered in that order.”(David Lindsay,A Guide to Scientific Writing,p.38)科技汉译英的方法1)名词化结构的应用（见课本334页）2)被动语态的应用（335
42、页）3)运用复合词4)运用合句法名词化(Nominalization)名词化倾向主要指广泛使用能表示动作或状态的抽象名词（如下例中的determination,transmission,evaluation)或起名词功用的非限定动词。“Scientific writing differs greatly from the other styles in having a highly proportion of noun phrases with complexity”(Quirk)名词连用（“扩展的名词前置修饰语”Expanded Noun Premodifiers）名词连用可以有效地简化语
43、言结构。名词连用可以有效地简化语言结构。Illumination intensity Illumination intensity determinationdetermination =determinationdetermination of the intensity of of the intensity of illumination illumination 照明强度测定照明强度测定Power transmission relay system=a Power transmission relay system=a relay system for power relay syst
44、em for power transmission transmission 送电中继体系送电中继体系Breast cancer survey program Breast cancer survey program evaluation evaluation=an evaluation of the=an evaluation of the survey program with regard to breast survey program with regard to breast cancer.cancer.乳腺癌普查计划实施总结乳腺癌普查计划实施总结 E.g.阿基米德最先发现固体排水
45、的原理。Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 是名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。广泛使用被动语句广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态。E.g.应
46、当注意机器的工作度。Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine.你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外，如前所述，科技文章将主要信息前置，放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。非限定动词非限定动词如前所述，科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词介词十动名词十动
47、名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比较醒目。E.g.直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.大量使用后置定语，常见的结构有以下五种：大量使用后置定语，常见的结构有以下五种：大量
48、使用后置定语，常见的结构有以下五种：大量使用后置定语，常见的结构有以下五种：1 1）、介词短语）、介词短语 由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。The forces due to friction are called The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.frictional forces.2 2）、形容词及形容词短语）、形容词及形容词短语 该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。In this factory the only fuel available is In this f
49、actory the only fuel available is coal.coal.3 3）、副词）、副词外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。The air outside pressed the side in.The air outside pressed the side in.4 4）、单个分词，但仍保持校强的动词意义。）、单个分词，但仍保持校强的动词意义。获得的结果必须加以校核。获得的结果必须加以校核。The results obtained must be The results obtained must be checked.checked.5 5）
50、定语从句）、定语从句在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。题。During construction,problems During construction,problems often arise which require design often arise which require design changes.changes.时态运用有限时态运用有限因科技英语一般需对科学定义、定理、方程等客观内容进行解说，及常有叙述过去进行的研究情况，其内容就将时态运用一般限于一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在完成时。常用句型常用句型科技文章中经
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