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1、Of StudiesSTUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one;
2、but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affa irs,come best, from those that are learned. To spend too muc h timein studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are p
3、erfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning, by study; and studies themselves, do gi veforth directions too much at large, except they be bounded inby experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men ad mirethem, and wise men use them; for they teach no
4、t their own use;but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won b yobservation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to beli eveand take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others t o beswallowed, and some few to be chewed an
5、d digested; that i s,some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read,but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and wit hdiligence and attention. Some books also may be read by d eputy,and extracts made of them bothers; but that would be only inthe less important arguments, and th
6、e meaner sort of book s,else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashythings.Reading make a full man; conference a ready man; and writ ingan exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he
7、 read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Historie smake men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtitle; nat uralphilosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to co ntend.Abeunt studia in mores . Nay, there is no stand or impedim ent inthe wit, but may
8、be wrought out by fit studies; like as disea sesof the body, may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is go od forthe stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and *; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like.Soif a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; fori
9、n demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen; for they are Cymini sectors . If he be not apt to beat over matters, and t ocall up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let
10、him studythe lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind, may have aspecial receipt.论读书王佐良 译读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之 时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之 际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局 策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足： 盖天生才干犹如自然花草， 读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而 无当。有
11、一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不 以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时 不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应 推敲细思。书有可浅尝者， 有可吞食者， 少数则须咀嚼消化。 换言之， 有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神 贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次 或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须 记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能 无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学 使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆 成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体 百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾 （筋骨 ），射箭利胸肺，慢 步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖 演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演； 如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学， 盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令 读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医