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1、jp2020年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语二）Section I Use of EnglishDirections :Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good pa
2、rent is undoubtedly very _1_, particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, _2_, a younger sibling._3_, there another sort of parent that a s)it easier to _4_: a patient parent.
3、 Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, _5_ every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy _6_. Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a _7_ and composed style with their kids. I understand this.You re only human, and sometimes your ki
4、ds can_8_ you just a little too far. And then the _9_ happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too _10_ and does nobody any good. You wish that you could _11_ the clock and start over. We ve all been there._12_, even though it s common, it s impo
5、rtant to keep in mind that in a single m(omignieo f/ou can say something to your child that you may _13_ for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also _14_ your child sesefem.s skilIf you consistently lose your _15_ with your kids, then you are inadverten
6、tly modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the _16_ of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional contro
7、l when _17_ by stress is one of the most important of all lifeCertainly, it s incredibly to maintain patience at all times with your children. A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with _19_ situations involving your childr
8、en. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and _20_ from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.1. A tediousB pleasantC instructiveD tricky2. A in additionB for exampleC at onceD by accident3. A fortunatelyB occasional
9、lyC accordinglyD eventually4. A amuseB assistC describeD train5. A whileB becauseC unlessD once6. A answerB taskC choiceD access7. A tolerantB formalC rigidD critical8. A moveB dragC pushD send9. A mysteriousB illogicalC suspiciousD inevitable10. A boringB naiveC harshD vague11. A turn backB take ap
10、artC set asideD cover up12. A overallB insteadC howeverD otherwise13. A likeB missC believeD regret14. A raiseB affectC justifyD reflect15. A timeB bondC raceD cool16. A natureB secretC importanceD context17. A cheatedB defeatedC confusedD confronted18. A terrible19. A trying20. A hideB hardB changi
11、ngB emergeC strange C exciting C withdrawD wrongD surprisingD escapeSection n Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Rats and other animals need to be h
12、ighly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals form robotic ra
13、ts.They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat- one social and one asocial - for 5 our days. The robots rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.During the experiment, the social robot rat followed t
14、he living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to sideNext, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a leve
15、r.Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like co
16、mmunal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same si
17、ze as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels. We d assumed we d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn t necessary, “ says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped
18、with the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals. We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out othe
19、r animals are too,“ says Wiles.21. Quin and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats canA pickup social signals from non-living ratsB distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile oneC attain sociable traits through special trainingD send out warning messages to their fellow22. What did the asocia
20、l robot do during the experiment?A It followed the social robot.BIt played with some toys.C It set the trapped rats free.JPDIt moved around alone.23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because theyA tried to practice a means of escapeB expected it to do the same in returnC wanted
21、 to display their intelligenceDconsidered that an interesting game24. James Wiles notes that ratsAcan remember other rats facial featuresB differentiate smells better than sizesC respond more to cations than to looksDcan be scared by a plastic box on wheels25. It can be learned from the text that ra
22、tsAappear to be adaptable to new surroundingsB are more socially active than other animalsC behave differently from children in socializingDare more sensitive to social cues than expectedText 2It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and
23、since the mid-1970s CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500% The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about S18.9 million a year.The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a wo
24、rld where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of Americas highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. Its not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative
25、 to many other workers in the U.S. economy.Todays CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many mere skills than simply being able to run the company CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should trade in them. They also need better public relations
26、skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slipup can be significant. Then there s the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fair
27、ly mind-boggling plus, virtually all major American companies are beyond this major CEOs still have to do all the day-to-day work they have always done.The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesnt explain history very well. By most measures, corporate governance has be
28、come a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.”Furthermore, the highest CEO salar
29、ies are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks, another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company. And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up c
30、orporate value not just for the CEO.26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?A The growth in the number of corporationsB The general pay rise with a better economyC Increased business opportunities for top firmsD Close cooperation among leading economies27. Compared with their pred
31、ecessors, todays CEOs are required toA foster a stronger sense of teamworkJPB finance more research and developmentC establish closer ties with tech companiesD operate more globalized companies28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despiteA continual internal oppositionB strict corporate govern
32、anceC conservative business strategiesD Repeated government warnings29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helpsA confirm the status of CEOsB motivate inside candidatesC boost the efficiency of CEOsD increase corporate value30. The most suitable title for this text would beA CEOs Are
33、Not OverpaidB CEO Pay: Past and PresentC CEOs challenges of TodayD CEO Traits: Not Easy to DefineText 3Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city coun
34、cil suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise.Mayor Jose Luis Martinez -Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the city s decision to stop levying f
35、ines, ordering them reinstated. But with legal battles ahead, the zones future looks uncertain at best.Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That s because they inevitably put the cost
36、s of cleaning the air on to individual drivers-who must pay fees or buy better vehicles - rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.Its not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely t
37、o be a big issue in next years mayoral election. And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.Its not that measures such as Londons Ulez are
38、useless. Far from it. Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents health in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits - fewer heart attacks, strokes and prem
39、ature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimely deaths.But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments-Britain s and others across Europe - have failed to do so.Restrictions that
40、keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas - city centers, school streets, even individual roads - are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance. Wales has introduced special low speed
41、 limits to minimise pollution. Wd redoing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.31. Which of the following is true about Madrids clean air zone?A Its effects are questionableBIt has been opposed by a judgeC It needs tougher enforcementD Its fate is yet to be decided32. Which i
42、s considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?A They are biased against car manufacturers.B They prove impractical for city councils.C They are deemed too mild for politicians.D They put too much burden on individual motorists.33. The author believes that the extension of Lo
43、ndons Ulez will .A arouse strong resistance.B ensure Khans electoral success.C improve the city s traffic.D discourage car manufacturing.34. Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?A Local residentsBMayors.C Councilors.D National governments.35. It can be inferred from the last p
44、aragraph that auto companies.A will raise low-emission car production Bshould be forced to follow regulations C will upgrade the design of their vehicles D should be put under public supervisionText4Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this spring the most commonly-accepted defini
45、tion says this generation was born after 1995, give or take a year-the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks. Gen Zs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market thats tighter than its been in decades. And employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new gra
46、duates for jobs in the U.S. this year than last, according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers. Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.If entitled is the most common
47、adjective, fairly or not, applied to millennials (those born between 1981 and 1995), the catchwords for Generation Z are practical and cautious. According to the career counselors and expert who study them, Generation Zs are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists. Despite graduating into the best economy
48、in the past 50 years, Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like. They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both. They arent interested in taking any chances. The booming economy seems to have done little to as