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1、 对铰孔加工质量控制的探究摘要 通过对影响铰孔质量的主要因素加以分析，结合自身经验，提出在铰孔过程中对铰孔加工质量的控制。笔者认为对提高铰孔加工质量有很大帮助，在实践中具有重要意义。Based on an analysis of the main factors influencing the reaming quality combined with their own experience, put forward in the process of reaming reaming processing quality control. I think is of great help t
2、o improve the quality of reaming processing, is of great significance in practice. 关键词 铰孔 铰刀 铰削用量 表面粗糙度 加工质量Dosage of keywords reaming reaming ream surface roughness processing quality在机加工中，常会遇到铰孔加工。铰孔是普遍应用的孔的精加工方法之一。因为铰刀的齿数较多，导向性能好，心部的直径大，刀具的刚性好，加工余量较小，切屑的厚度较薄，可以获得IT9IT7级直径尺寸精度，内孔的表面粗糙度值可以控制在Ra1.60
3、.8m之间。但实际生产中，铰孔加工质量往往不能达到理想的要求。笔者就如何控制铰孔加工质量进行以下探讨。In machining, are often faced with reaming processing. Reaming is one of the hole finishing methods in general use. Because of the large the number of teeth on the reamer, orientation, performance is good, the diameter of the core, cutting tool of g
4、ood rigidity, small machining allowance, the chip thickness is thinner, can obtain IT9 IT7 level diameter dimension precision, surface roughness value of the inner hole can control between Ra1.6 0.8 microns. But in practical production, reaming processing quality often cannot achieve ideal. The auth
5、or on how to control the reaming processing quality in the following discussion. 一、影响铰孔质量的主要因素 A, the main factors influencing the reaming quality. （一）铰刀几何参数。铰孔质量的好坏取决于铰刀本身的精度和表面粗糙度。因此，铰刀几何参数的合理选择，决定了被铰孔加工质量的好坏。一是铰刀直径。它是根据被加工孔的公称尺寸和公差以及在铰削过程中被加工孔的扩张量或收缩量决定的。二是铰刀的齿数。一般，铰刀的齿数愈多，铰孔的精度就越高，表面粗糙度值就越低，同时，分
6、布在每个切削刃上的负荷也就小，有利于减少铰刀的磨损。但齿数增多后却降低了刀齿强度，减小了容屑槽。在切削时，切屑就不容易排出。特别是铰深孔和切削余量大时，因容屑槽被切屑堵塞，切削液流不进去，致使铰刀和工件因产生热量而变形，影响加工质量。铰刀的齿数一般都选用偶数。三是切削锥角。它主要是根据不同的加工材料和铰刀的类型来加以选择。四是前角。由于铰削的余量较小，切削仅在刀尖处进行，与刀齿的前倾面很少接触，故前角可以为零，但在铰削塑性较大的材料时，为避免切屑粘滞在刀刃上，前角应取大一些。五是后角。铰刀的后角大，虽然可以提高切削刃的锐利程度，却降低了刀齿强度，在切削过程中容易产生震动和磨损，铰刀直径也随之减
7、小，使铰孔直径达不到要求。六是刃带宽度。它主要是引导铰刀方向和光整孔壁，同时也为了便于测量铰刀的直径。铰刀的齿数越多刃带的积累宽度也大。因此有利于孔壁降低表面粗糙度值，铰刀的直径也不容易变小。但铰刀刃带较宽或积累宽度值过大时，会增加摩擦力矩和切削热，对孔壁的挤压比较严重，容易将孔径涨大，一般选择铰刀的刃带不超过0.25mm。七是铰刀的倒锥量。磨倒锥量是为了避免铰刀校准部分后面摩擦孔壁。(a) reamer geometric parameters. Reaming quality is determined by the accuracy and surface roughness of th
8、e reamer. Therefore, the reasonable selection of geometric parameters of reamer, decided by reaming processing quality. One is the reamer diameter. It is according to the nominal dimension and tolerance of the hole is processed and is in the process of ream machining hole amount of expansion or shri
9、nkage. The second is the number of teeth on the reamer. In general, the more the number of teeth on the reamer, the higher the precision of the reaming, the lower the surface roughness value, at the same time, distribution at each load on the cutting edge is smaller, to reduce wear reamer. But is de
10、creased after increasing number of cutter tooth strength, reduces the chip groove. In cutting, the chip is not easy eduction. Especially hinge deep hole and cutting allowance, because let crumbs slot is plugged, chip cutting fluid flow, the reamer and artifacts due to heat deformation, affect the pr
11、ocessing quality. The number of teeth on the reamer are generally choose even. Three is the cutting Angle. It is mainly according to the different materials and types of reamer to choice. Four is the anterior horn. Due to ream less allowance, cutting only at the tip, and rarely contact with the forw
12、ard side of blade, so the rake Angle can be zero, but in the ream larger plastic material, to avoid chip stuck on the blade, Angle should be taken before a few bigger. After five is Angle. Reamer after Angle is big, while can improve the sharpness of cutting edge, but decreases the intensity of blad
13、e, prone to vibration and wear in the cutting process, the reamer diameter is less, also make the hinge hole diameter can not meet the requirements. Six is belt width of the blade. It basically is to guide the direction, and the reamer hole wall, but also to facilitate the measurement of the diamete
14、r of reamer. The more the number of teeth on the reamer blade with the accumulation of width is too big. Therefore is beneficial to reduce the surface roughness value of hole wall, the smaller the diameter of the reamer is not easy. But hinge blade width is wide or accumulation value is too large, c
15、an increase the friction torque and the cutting heat, squeeze the more serious the walls of the hole, easy to size up big, generally choose the reamer blade with no more than 0.25 mm. Seven is the back taper reamer. Inverted cone grinding amount to avoid friction hole wall reamer calibration part be
16、hind. （二）铰削用量。对铰孔而言，铰削用量是很重要的。它对铰削过程中的摩擦切削力，切削热以及切屑瘤的形成和加工精度、表面粗糙度都有极大的影响，因此一定要合理加以选择使用。一是铰削余量。铰削余量不宜留得太大或太小。因为铰削余量留得太小，铰削时不易校正上道工序残留的变形和去掉表面残留的缺陷，使铰孔质量达不到要求。若所留的铰削余量太大，势必加大每一个刀齿的切削负荷，破坏了铰削过程中的稳定性，且增加了切削热，使铰刀的直径胀大，孔径也随之扩张，切屑的形成必然呈撕裂状态，造成加工表面粗糙。二是机铰的切削速度和进给量。铰削速度和进给量要根据加工材料合理选择。进给量不能选得太小，太小时切削厚度可能小于切
17、削刀齿的小圆半径。铰削余量、切削速度、进给量这三个要素是相互影响，当铰削余量较大时，切削速度，进给量就不能选得过高；反之，如果切削速度和进给量选取较小值时，则可适当提高切削速度。(2) the consumption of the ream. For reaming, ream the dosage is very important. It to ream the friction in the process of cutting force, cutting heat and cutting tumor forming and machining accuracy, surface ro
18、ughness has great influence, so must be rational to choose to use them. Is a ream allowance. Ream allowance shoulds not be too big or too small. Because the ream allowance is too small to stay, ream on correction process on residual deformation and remove surface residual defects, make the reaming q
19、uality can not meet the requirements. If the ream leave allowance is too large, will inevitably increase every blade of cutting load, the destruction of the ream process stability, and increased heat cutting, make the diameter of reamer swell, aperture has been expanding, the formation of the chip w
20、ill inevitably is tear, cause processing surface roughness. Secondly, machine hinge of cutting speed and feed. Ream reasonable choice according to speed and feed processing materials. Feeding is not to be chosen is too small, too small cutting thickness may be less than the small round radius of cut
21、ting blade. Ream allowance, cutting speed, feed is the three elements influence each other, when the ream allowance is bigger, cutting speed, feed will not be able to choose too high; On the other hand, if the selected cutting speed and feed value, the smaller the can improve the cutting speed appro
22、priately. 当然，为了更好地控制铰孔加工质量，除了铰刀几何参数及铰削用量外，可在铰削过程中，采用合理的切削液来排屑和冷却。, of course, in order to better control reaming processing quality, besides reamer geometry parameters and the dosage of ream, but in the process of ream, adopt the reasonable cutting fluid for chip removal and cooling. 二、铰孔加工过程中的质量控制
23、Second, reaming processing in the process of quality control（一）手工铰孔加工。手工铰孔时，铰刀受加工孔的引导，在手的扳动下进行断续铰削。由于通过人手直接扳动铰刀，处于自由状态，稍有不慎，铰刀就会左右摇摆，将孔口扩大。同时，铰刀尚需作周期性的停歇，影响加工孔的表面粗糙度。因此，必须严格遵守手工铰孔工艺规程，从而保证手工铰孔的质量。(a) manual reaming processing. Manual reaming, reamer guided by machining hole, in the hand of the pull
24、(intermittent under ream. Due to pull (reamer directly by hand, in a free state, a little careless, reamer swings, expanded the orifice. Reamer, meanwhile, still need to be periodically pause, affect the processing of the surface roughness of the hole. Therefore, must strictly abide by rules of manu
25、al reaming process, to guarantee the quality of hand reaming. 1、工件装夹要正，使操作者在铰孔时，对铰刀的垂直方向有一个正确的视觉和标志。1, workpiece clamping to is, make the operator when the reaming, reamer vertical direction have a correct visual and logo. 2、铰刀的中心要与孔的中心尽量保持重合，不得歪斜，特别是铰削浅孔时。2, the center of the reamer to stay overlap
26、, the center of the hole as far as possible not skewed, especially when ream shallow hole. 3、在手铰过程中，两手用力要平衡，旋转铰杠的速度要均匀，铰刀不得摇摆，以保持铰削稳定性。3, in hand reaming process, the hands are hard to balance, the speed of the rotating hinge rod wants even, reamer must not swing, to maintain the ream stability. 4、铰
27、削进刀时，不要猛力压铰杠，要随着铰刀的旋转轻轻加压于铰杠，使铰刀缓慢地引进进孔内并均匀地进给，以保持良好的内孔表面粗糙度。4, ream feed, dont against pressure tap wrench, to gently with reamer rotating pressure tap wrench, the reamer slowly introduced into the hole and evenly feed, in order to keep good inner hole surface roughness. 5、在铰削过程中，铰刀被卡住时，不要猛力扳动旋转铰杠，
28、以防止铰刀折断，而是应该将铰刀取出，清除切屑，检查铰刀是否崩刃。如果有轻微磨损或崩刃，可进行研磨，再涂上润滑油继续进行铰削加工。5, in the process of ream, reamer is stuck, not against pull (rotating tap wrench, in order to prevent the broken reamer, but should remove reamer, clean up scrap, check its blade reamer. If there is minor wear and tear or collapse edge
29、, grinding, can be coated with lubricating oil to continue ream machining again.6、注意变换铰刀每次停歇的位置，以消除铰刀常在同一处停歇所造成的振痕。6 reamer every time the location of the rest, pay attention to the transformation, to eliminate the reamer often mark of vibration caused by the pause in the same place. 7、铰刀退出时不能反转。因为铰
30、刀有后角，反转会使切屑塞在铰刀齿后面和孔壁之间将孔壁划伤，同时铰刀也容易磨损。7, reamer exits cannot be reversed. Because after the reamer with Angle, the move to make chip plug between reamer teeth and wall of hole to hole wall scratch, reamer also easy to wear. 8、工件孔处于水平位置铰削时，应用手轻轻托住铰杠使铰刀中心与孔中心保持重合。当工件结构限制铰杠作整圆周旋转时，一般是用扳手扳转铰刀，每扳转一次使其作少
31、量的旋转。8, workpiece hole is in a horizontal position ream, and used the hand gently hold tap wrench to keep reamer center and the hole center. When the workpiece structure restrict hinge rod to rotate the whole circumference, usually using a wrench, turn pull reamer every moral character to make it as
32、 a small amount of rotation. 9、当一个孔快铰完时，不能让铰刀的校准部分全部出头，以免将孔的下端划伤。另外，当受到工件装夹或工件结构的限制时，不允许从孔的下面取出铰刀。9, when a hole reaming after, cant let all calibration section of the reamer in front, in order to avoid the hole bottom scratches. In addition, when the workpiece clamping or workpiece structure limits
33、, are not allowed to remove from the bottom of the hole reamer. （二）机动铰孔加工。当铰孔的批量较大且条件允许时，应尽量采用机动铰孔。机动铰孔效率高，铰刀的回转中心比较稳定，铰削连续，进刀量比较均匀，这些都有利于提高铰孔质量。当然，操作上必须按照正确的方法进行机动铰孔加工，才能保证铰孔质量。(2) motor reaming processing. When reaming of large batch and when conditions permit, should be adopted as far as possible
34、 the mobile reaming. Mobile reaming of high efficiency, the rotary center of the reamer is stable, the ream continuously, feed quantity is evener, these are beneficial to improve the quality of reaming. Of course, the operation should be carried out in accordance with the correct method of motor rea
35、ming processing, to ensure the quality of reaming. 1、选用的钻床，其主轴锥孔中心线的跳动：摇臂钻床靠近主轴端部不大于0.02mm，在距主轴端部300mm处应不大于0.03mm。当立式钻床最大钻孔直径小于25mm时，在距离主轴端部l00mm处不大于0.03mm，当最大钻孔直径大于等于25mm时，在距离主轴端部300mm处不大于0.05mm。1, selection of drilling machine, the spindle taper hole centerline of beating, radial drilling machine
36、close to the shaft end is not more than 0.02 mm, 300 mm from the spindle end should be no greater than 0.03 mm. When the hole diameter vertical drilling machine is lower than 25 mm, at spindle end l00mm distance not greater than 0.03 mm, when the largest hole diameter greater than or equal to 25 mm,
37、 300 mm from the spindle end is not more than 0.05 mm. 2、装夹工件时，要保证被铰孔的中心线垂直于钻床工作台平面，公差不大于0.002mm100mm，铰刀中心与工件预钻孔中心重合公差不大于0.02mm。2, when the clamping workpiece, make sure the reaming center line perpendicular to the drilling machine workbench plane, the tolerance is not more than 0.002 mm / 100 mm, r
38、eamer center with workpiece drilled center of tolerance is not more than 0.02 mm. 3、开始铰削时，为了引导铰刀铰进，可采用手动进给。当铰进23mm时，改用机动进给，以获得均匀的进刀量。3, began to ream in order to guide the reamer hinge into, can use manual feed. When the hinge in 2 3 mm, to switch to mobile feed, in order to obtain uniform feed quan
39、tity. 4、采用浮动夹头夹持铰刀时，在未吃刀之前最好用手扶正铰刀，慢慢引导使其接近孔缘，以防止铰刀与工件发生撞击。否则由于受到撞击可能使铰刀切削刃产生凹痕，或将工件孔口啃切出过深的刀痕，造成铰刀在继续铰削时发生振动。4, using floating chuck clamping reamer, before it is better to hand reamer, turning gently lead to make it close to the hole, in order to prevent the reamer collision with the workpiece. Ot
40、herwise due to the impact is likely to make cutting edge reamer produce dent, or cut workpiece orifice chew had deep scar, reamer in continue to ream causing vibration. 5、在铰削过程中，输入的切削液要充分，其成分根据工件材料来选择。5, in the process of ream, input of cutting fluid to fully, its content selection according to the
41、workpiece material. 6、在铰削过程中，特别是铰盲孔时，可分几次不停车退出铰刀，以清除铰刀上的粘屑和孔内切屑，防止切屑刮伤孔壁，同时也便于输入切削液。6, in the process of ream, especially when reaming blind holes, can be divided into several times without a stop to exit the reamer, in order to clear the sticky on the reamer bits and hole chip, prevent scratch chip
42、 hole wall, but also easy to enter the cutting fluid. 7、铰刀在使用过程中，要注意保护好两端的中心孔，以备刃磨铰刀时使用。7, reamer in use process, attention should be paid to protect on both ends of the center hole, used for grinding the reamer. 8、铰孔完毕，应不停车退出铰刀，同时也不允许铰刀倒转，否则会在孔壁上留下刀痕。After 8, reaming, dont stop the exit reamer, als
43、o do not allow the reamer reverse at the same time, otherwise you will leave scar in the hole wall. 总之，当熟悉影响铰孔的主要因素（铰刀的几何参数、铰削用量）和手工铰孔和机动铰孔的方法和注意要点后，在铰孔加工过程中，就可以避免出现一些孔径超差、内孔表面粗糙度值高等各种各样的问题，如此就可以提高孔的精度。In a word, when the familiar with the main factors influencing the reaming, reamer of geometric parameters, the dosage of ream) and manual reaming and mobile after reaming method and attention points, in the process of reaming processing, can avoid some size out-of-tolerance, inner hole surface roughness value higher all sorts of problems, so can improve the accuracy of hole.