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1、国家环境法律责任论文：论国家 的国际环境法律责任国家环境法律责任论文：论国家的国际环境法律责任【中文摘要】国家责任制度是现代国际法的一项重要制度。作为 与环境有关的国家环境法律责任对保障国际环境法的有效实施具有 十分重要的作用。本文的就在于阐述国家因其违反国际环境义务而产 生的国家责任的基本规则,重点是认定国家环境责任产生的一般条 件、国家环境责任的内容及其实现。国家环境责任是一般国家责任制 度在国际环境法领域的应用，同时国际环境法领域的国家责任制度也 丰富和完善着一般国家责任制度的内容。当代国家责任法的编纂和最 新发展的最重要的成果就是国际法委员会2001年的国家对国际不 法行为的责任的条款
2、草案和关于危险活动领域造成跨界损害的国际 责任的相关条款草案。国家责任包括国家的环境法律责任都是由国家 违反其国际义务的行为,也即国家不法行为引起的法律后果。只不过 国家环境责任的起因是国家实施了违反国际环境义务的国家环境不 法行为。如同国家责任，国家的国际环境责任也是具有民事责任、刑 事责任性质的，以民事性质的责任为主,刑事责任性质的责任则处于 补充的地位。国家对其违反国际环境义务造成的损害予以补救的责任 通常是通过民事性质的停止不法行为，进行赔偿的方式实施的。根据 不同的标准，可以对国家环境责任进行不同的分类。本文以责任的性 质和不法行为的构成要素的不同为标准,将国家环境责任分为一般国 家
3、环境责任、国家环境损害责任、国家环境刑事责任。一国的国际环 境不法行为引起该国的国家环境责任。因此分析国家环境不法行为的 构成对于国家环境责任的产生具有决定性意义。国家环境不法行为首 先是归因于国家的违反其国际环境义务的行为。不法行为必然造成某 种法律损害，所以法律损害也是国家不法行为的构成要素。主观过错 则因国家环境责任的归责原则不同,并不是必备构成要件。国家环境 责任以国家环境不法行为为前提,当存在阻却国家环境行为不法性的 事由时,便不会构成国家环境不法行为,也就不会产生国家环境责任。 因此,一定意义上,阻却国家环境行为不法性的事由也是阻却国家环 境责任产生的事由。这些阻却行为不法性的情形
4、不同于责任的免除事 由,它们是国家环境行为的一部分,发挥着促使国家环境不法行为构 成不完备的作用。国家环境不法行为违反了国家的国际环境义务，需 要承担“第二性的义务”。国家根据国家环境责任性质的不同,其责任 承担方式存在差异。民事性质的国家环境责任包括停止不法行为、保 证不重犯和充分赔偿等,国家的环境刑事责任的承担方式则可以采取 限制主权、国际制裁和惩罚性赔偿等方式,但国家刑事环境责任的承 担不妨碍其承担民事的赔偿责任。国家环境责任的最终落脚点要在于 此种责任的实现。法律责任的实现既包括积极实现也包括消极实现。 前者是责任人实际将法律责任的内容变为现实,这种途径可以是协商 式的外交途径也可以是
5、司法途径。后者则指国家环境责任的免除。本 文在对国家环境责任的分类,对国家环境不法行为的构成及阻却国家 环境行为不法性的事由等的论述上具有创新之处。【英文摘要】State legal responsibility is an importantregime in international law. It is crucial to protect international environment. The article is aimed at narrating the fundamental rules of state responsibility aroused from stat
6、e violation of environmental obligations. State environmental responsibility is a kind of implement of common state responsibility. At the same time it also implements common state responsibility. The mordent results of common state responsibility are 2001 common state responsibility for its wrongfu
7、l acts and related draft articles on state responsibility raised from transboundary damage in dangerous activities. All the state responsibility is caused by its wrongful acts, that is to say, legal consequences caused by its wrongful acts. The different is state environmental responsibility is caus
8、ed by state wrongful act violating its environmental obligations. As state responsibility, environmental responsibility also has civilian character as well as criminal character. The damage caused by state wrongful acts is usually complemented by stopping wrongful acts and giving compensation. Accor
9、ding to different criteria, state environmental responsibility can be divided into different catalogues; they are common wrongful acts environmental responsibility, state damage responsibility and state responsibility is caused by its wrongful environmental acts. As a result, it is significant to an
10、alyze the composition of state environmental wrongful act. Firstly, it is an act that can be subject to the state. A wrongful act is bound to cause certainty damages, so legal damage is also an element of a wrongful act, so as to subjective fault. State wrongful act is the premise as to the State en
11、vironmental responsibility, and its wrongfulness could be resisted by resistant reasons, and as a result, there emerges no State environmental responsibility. So, to some extent, the reasons preclude the wrongfulness of state environmental act are also the reasons to preclude the emerge of State env
12、ironmental responsibility. These resistant wrongfulness reasons to state environmental act are different from responsibility exempt reasons; the formers consist of state environmental act, and play a role in the incomplete of the constitution of State environmental wrongful act. State environmental
13、wrongful acts violate the state s international environmental obligations, which need to undertake “the secondary duties” . The state, according to the different nature of state environmental responsibility, should undertake the responsibly in different modes. State include stopping illegal behavior
14、, guaranteeing not repeating and full compensation; the state? s environmental criminal responsibilities may be undertook by sovereignty limitation international sanctions and punitive compensation, but the undertaken of state s criminal environmental responsibility don t hinder the undertaken of st
15、ate civil compensation liabilitiesThe ultimate foothold of State environmental responsibility lies in the realization of such liability. The realization of the legal responsibility can be achieved in positive way and negative way. The former refers to the transformation of legal responsibility from
16、content into reality, which approach can be consultation diplomacy approach and also be judicial way. The latter means the exempt of state environmental responsibility. In this paper, the innovation is expressed in the classification of state environmental responsibility, the composition of state environmental wrongful act and the resistance reasons to state wrongful act.【关键词】国家环境法律责任国家环境不法行为国家环境义务 【英文关键词】State environmental responsibilityState environmental wrongful act State environmental obligation【目录】 environmental responsibility of civilian characteristic