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1、论文1）先后次序关系：atthistime;first;second;atlast;next;previously;simultaneously同时地;eventually；lastbutnotleast；tobeginwith；tostartwith；toendwith；finally;seeing.由于，因为；sincethen；firstofall;afterwards后来;followingthis;preceding先前的；originally最初的ultimate最终的，极限的，根本的2）因果关系：because；becauseofthis；beingthat（口语）既然，因为；a
2、notherimportantfactorZreasonof.;since;as;for；inthat.;owingto由于，通常负面；dueto由于;forthereasonthat.;inviewof鉴于，考虑至iresultfrom归因于thereasonseemstobeobvious;thereareabout.；forthisreason;asaresultofthis；therefore；.andso.；consequently所以，因此；asaresult；thus这样，如小匕，因而；hence因小匕；so；sothat.；inconsequenee结果，结果；asaconse
3、quence；accordingly因此，于是，相应地；inevitably不可避免地;undertheseconditionsthereupon因小匕于是upon迫近3）转折关系but；evenso；however；though；eventhough；independentof；recklessof不顾；despitethat；inspiteofthat；regardlessof不顾;yet.；andyet；butunless.Nonetheless尽管如七匕4）并歹关系：and;also；too；aswellas；either.,or.；both.and.5）（补充）递进关系：furthe
4、rmore此外，而且；moreover而且,此外；further进一步地，&匕夕卜；Inthisway;still;notonly.butalso.;not.but.;inaddition(to);additionally,muchmoreinteresting,morespecifically更具体地说,next,besides;asfaras.isconcerned至于;moreovert匕夕卜；inotherwords;alongthislineofconsideration；on(the)onehand.在一方面，ontheotherhand.；even；asasayinggoes.；
5、inordertodoit.;meanwhile同时；atthesametime;accordingly因此；Inthefirstplace.，inthesecondplace.;equallyimportant;ofevengreaterappeal.6) 比较关系:similarly;inlikemanner,incomparisonwith；whencomparedwith；comparedwith；wheninfact.;like.;likewise同样地,也；similarlyimportant;apartfrom(doing).；.ratherthan.,bydoingso；bot
6、hand.;inthesameway;notonly.but(also).7)对照(不同点):yet;still;forallofthat;notwithstanding虽然，尽管；rather当然，的确，宁愿，相当;neither.nor;although;though;but;however;somethingisjusttheotherwayaround;yet;conversely相反的；unlike;opposedto;asopposedtothis与不同；incontrast(to)；bywayof；onthecontrary；differentfromthis;neverthel
7、ess然而，不过，虽然如小匕；contraryto；whereas但是，鉴于；while；butontheotherhand8)举例关系:forexample;forinstance例如；inthiscase既然假若这样；namely也就是instance例子实例换句话说；asyouknow；youmayas/say;asheexplains;like;suchas;acaseinpointis一个恰当的伊U子是.；consider.；inparticularXM特另（j；including.；foronething.首先foranother.；putitsimply；statedroughl
8、y粗糙地，概略地；asanillustration，Iw川say.；agoodexample（of.）wouldbe.；todetailthis，IwouIdliketo.;Itisinterestingtonotethat.;inthissituation;asproof;takethecaseof;takeasexample（something）；asfor;asregards；asto;accordingto;onthisoccasion.9）强调关系:infact;especially;particularly特另，尤其；moreover（止匕夕卜）；naturally;whatism
9、oreimportant；inreality事实上；certainly;ofcourse;indeed;inparticular；nottomention.；believeitornot;undeniably（无可置疑）;otherthingbeingequal;itiscertain/surethat.;tobestrict;tobetrue;bydefinition;definitely肯定地；undoubtedly;withoutadoubt;intruth,inanyevent（不论怎样）；withoutreservation（毫无保留地）;obviously,notonly.but（
10、also）,both.and.10）条件关系：if；unless;lest;providedthat；ifitisthecase;inthissense;once.;ifpossible;ifnecessary；ifso;ifnotall;ifanything.11）归纳总结类：inaword/insum/inshortinbrief/inconclusion/insummarytherefore因此,所以/hence因此,今后tosumup/toconcludetheconclusioncanbedrawnthatforthisreason/onthewhole12) 地点关系：beyond
11、;oppositeto;adjacent邻近to;atthesameplace;there;over;inthemiddle;around;infrontof;inthedistance;farther;hereandthere;above;below;attheright;between;onthisside.13) 目的关系：withthisobject无证;forthispurpose;inorderthat;inthisway,since;sothat;onthataccount由于。缘故;incase万;withaviewto考虑至U；forthesamereason.14) 重申关
12、系:inotherwords;thatistosay;asIhavesaid;again;onceagain.15) 结果关系：accordingly;thus;consequently(因此);hence;therefore;thereupon;inevitably;undertheseconditions;asaresult;asaconsequence;because;becauseof;sothat;notonly.but(also.);so.asto.16)顺序关系:first;second;thirdly;next;then;attheoutsetf在开始时)，followingt
13、his;atthistime;now;atthispoint;after;afterward后来;afterthis;subsequently后来;lastly最终;finally;consequently所以，因此;beforethis;previously;precedingthis;simultaneous!y同时地;concurrently(同时发生的)17) 时间关系：atonce;immediately;atlength终于，最后;inthemeantime同时;meanwhile;atthesametime;intheend;then;soon;notlongafter;late
14、r;atonce;atlast;finally;sometimeago;atpresent;allofasudden突然;fromthistimeon;fromtimetotime;sincethen;when;whenever;nextpoint;afewminuteslater;formerly;as;once;since;occasionally偶然地;inamoment;shortly立亥!);whereupon于是,因止匕;previouslyHenceforth今后介词prep.Allof十足1 .在以前Onlytwodaysremainedbeforetheexamination
15、.考前只剩下两天了。2 .（指顺序、重要性等）在之前，先于Yournamecomesbeforemine.你的名字在我之前。Pridecomesbeforeafall.骄必败。3 .由考虑中Wewillputthematterbeforethecommittee.我将把此事提交委员会考虑。4 .在前面;在.面前Shesaidshehadneverspokenbeforeanaudience,她说她从未在大庭广众讲演过。状语从句引导词时间状语从句when,as,while,assoonas5before,after,since,till,until特殊弓I导词：theminute,themome
16、nt,thesecond,everytime,theday，theinstant,immediately,directly,nosoonerthan,hardlywhen,scarcelywhen彳到装地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊引导词：Wherever,anywhere,everywhere原因状语从句常用弓I导词：because,since,as,for特殊弓|导词：seeingthat,nowthat,inthat,consideringthat,giventhat.目的状语从句常用弓I导词：sothat,inorderthat特殊弓|导词：lest,incase3forfea
17、rthat，inthehopethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat结果状语从句常用引导词:sothat,such-that,特殊引导词:suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat,程度条件状语从句常用引导词:if,unless,特殊引导词:as/solongas,onlyif,providing/providedthat,supposingthat,incasethat,onconditionthat让步状语从句常用引导词:though,although,evenif,eventhoug
18、h特殊引导词:as（用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装），while（一般用在句首），nomatterinspiteofthefactthat,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever8比较状语从句常用引导词：as（同级比较）,than（不同程度的比较）特殊引导词：themore-themore;justas，so；AistoBwhat/asXistoY;nomorethan;notAsomuchasB方式状语从句常用引导词：as, as if, how特殊引导词：the wayFromtheinvadersarrived,
19、breathedourair,ateanddrank,theyweredoomed.Theywereundone,destroyed,afterallofman1sweaponsanddeviceshadfailed5bythetiniestcreaturesthatGodinhiswisdomputuponthisearth.Bythetollofabilliondeaths,manhadearnedhisimmunity,hisrighttosurviveamongthisplanetinfsinite无限的organisms有机体.Andthatrightisoursagainstall
20、challenges.Forneitherdomenlivenordieinvain.INVAIN徒劳，白白pointpoint?英音:p?int?美音：p?nt?名词n.1.尖，尖端，尖头C(+of)Doyouhaveapencilwithasharperpoint?你有尖一点的铅笔吗？2.(空间的)一点，处，地方，位置C特点，特征0Dancingisnotherstrongpoint.支撑点,据点她不擅长跳舞。4.（时间上的）一点，（特定）时刻;瞬间CU5.分数；（比赛等的）得分CInthegamewegottenpointswhiletheMedicalSchoolgotonlythre
21、e.比赛中我们得了十分，而医学院只得了三分。6.思想；论点C7.要点；中心思想the司Hemissedthewholepointofmyspeech.他完全没抓住我讲话的要点。8.意义；目的；用途U（+in/of）Thereisnopointincomplaining.Theycantdoanythingtohelpyou.抱怨于事无补；他们没办法帮助你。9.【数】点；小数点标点C10.一小点，斑点C(+of)l11.岬Ccape12.(电的)接触点；【英】插座及物动词vt.1.把指向，把对准；瞄准(+at/towards)Itsrudetopointyourfingersatpeople.用
22、手指指人是很不礼貌的。2.指出(+out)Hepointedoutthattheyweremistaken.他指出他们错了3.弓虽调(+up)emphasize动词stress4.弄尖，削尖Shepointedthepencilforhersister,她给妹妹肖U铅笔。5.给加标点；给加小数点不及物动词vi.1.指，指出，指明(+at/to)Hepointedatthebookhewanted.他指着他要的另口本书。2.指向，对准潮向Q(+to/towards)Thehandsoftheclocknowpointedtohalfpastthree.这时时针指向三点半。3.显示，表明；证明(+at/to/towards)