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1、语言学复习资料下定义1. (P3)Sociolinguistics(社会语言学):The studies of all the social aspects of Ianguage and its relation with society is called sociolinguistics.2. (P7)Language (语言)：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on.3. (P8)Arbitrariness (任意性):This means that there i
2、s no logical connection betwee n meanings and soun ds.4. (P2)Phonetics (语音学)：Phonetic refers to the study of sounds used in lin guistic com muni cati on.5. (P16)Voicing (浊音化):Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech soun ds.6. (P26)Assimilation rule (同化规贝U): The assimilation rule
3、assimilates onesound to another bycopying ” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus makingthe two phones similar.7. (P29)lntonation (语调)：When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as inton atio n.8. (P42)Syntax(句法)：Synt
4、ax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that gover n the formati on of senten ces.9. (P42)Category (范畴):Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar fun cti ons in a particular Ian guage such as a sen ten ce, a noun phrase or a verb.10. (P48)Complemen
5、tizers (补语化成分):Words which introduce the sentence compleme nt are termed compleme ntizers.11. (P53)Head movement (中心语移动)：The movement of a word from the head position in one phrase into the head position in another is known as head moveme nt.12. (P64-65)L in guistic con text (语言语境)：The lin guistic c
6、on text is concerned with the probability of a word co-occurre nee or collocatio n with ano ther word.13. （P66）Referenee （所指）：Referenee means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.14. （P70）Relational opposites （关系反义词）:Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relati on shi
7、p betwee n the two items are called relati onal opposites.15. （P74）Argument （论元）:An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely ide ntical with a nominal eleme nt in a senten ce.16. （P77）Pragmatics （语用学）:Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of a Ian guage use senten ces to effect
8、successful com muni cati on.17. （P81）Constatives （表述句）：Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable.填空题氏U第一早1. （P3） If a lin guistic aims to describe and an alyze the Ian guage people actually use, it is said to be descriptive（描写性的）.If the linguistic study aims t
9、o lay down rules for correct and standard ” behavior in using Ianguage, it is said to be prescriptive （规定性的）.2. （P4） The description of a Ianguage at some point of time in history is a synchronic（共时的） study; the description of a Ianguage as it changes through time is a diachronic （历时的） study.3. （P4）
10、 Langue语言）refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole（言语）refers to the realization of Ian guage in actual use4. （P5） Chomsky defi nes compete nee 语言能力）as the ideal user kno wledge of the rules of his Ianguage, and performanee（语言表现）the actual r
11、ealization of his kno wledge in lin guistic com muni cati on.5. (P17)As some speech sounds produced differ only in some detailed aspects, the IPA provides its users with another set of symbols called diacritics(发音符号 /辨音 符)6. (P23) A phon eme(音 素)is a phono logical un it, it is a unit that is of dist
12、i nctive value, it is an abstract value.7. (P24) It can be easily observed that phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. If they are two dist in ctive phon emes,they are said to form a phonemic contrast(音素对照),e.g. /p/ and /b/ in pit and bit.8. (P24)Whe n two differe nt forms are ide
13、 ntical in every way except for one sound segment which occur the same position in the strings, the two sound comb in ati ons are said to from a mi ni mal pair( 最小配对).e.g pill and bill, pill and till are a minimal pair.9. (P25) Rules that govern the comb in ati on of sounds in a particular Ian guage
14、, the rules are called sequential rules序列规贝U).10. (P27) The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental feature超音段特征).AVV*第二早11. (P33) Morpheme(词素):the smallest unit of Ianguage that carries information about meaning or function.A morpheme which can be a wo
15、rd by itself is called a free morpheme(自 由词素). Whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is called bound morpheme粘着词素).12. (P33) The varia nt forms of a morpheme are called its allomorphs(词素变体).第四章13. (P44) Syn tactic un its that are built around a certa in word category are called phr
16、ases短语),the category of which is determined by the word category around which the phrase is built.14. (P45)Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements: head（中心语）,specified标志语）and complement（补语）.15. （P48）The in formatio n about a word compleme nt is in eluded
17、in the head and termed subcategorization （次范畴化）.16. （P52） Transformation转换）is a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.第五早17. （P67-68）Synonymy:近义关系的分类：1）Dialectal synonyms（方言同义词）-synonyms used in different regiona dialects.（来自不同地域的人使用同一种语言产生的不同）2）Stylistic synonym
18、s（文体同义词）-synonyms differing in style3）Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative （评价）meaning4）Collocational synonyms（搭配同义）5）Semantically different synonyms （不考）18. （P69） When two words are ide ntical in sound, they are homoph on es（同 音不同形不同义）.When two words are identical in spelling, they a
19、rehomographs同形不同音不同义）.When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, theyare complete homonyms同形同音不同义）.19. （P70） An to ny my:反义关系的分类1）Gradable an to nyms（可分等级的反义词）2）Complementary antonyms（互补反义词）3）Relati on al opposites 关系反义词）20. （P72） Componential analysis（成分分析）is a way proposed by the str
20、uctural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected in to meaning comp onen ts, called sema ntic features.第八早21. （P81）Three Speech Acts:三种言语行为Accord ing to Aust in new model, a speaker might be perform ing three acts simulta
21、neously when speaking: locutionary act（ 言内行为），illocutionary act（言夕卜 行为）,and perlocutionary act（言后行为）.22. （P90）Pragmatic failure（语用失误）occurs when the speaker fails to useIan guage effectively to achieve a specific com muni cative purpose, or whe n thehearer fails to recog nize the inten ti on or thei
22、llocuti on ary（言外之意）force of thespeaker uttera nee in the con text of com muni catio n.第八章23. （P111） Speech variety（言语变体）,or Ianguage variety, refers to any dist in guishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.24. （P117） Halliday further distinguishes three social variables（ 语域三
23、变量）that determine the register: field of discourse（语场）,tenor of discourse（语旨）,and mode of discourse语式）.25. （P122） The term diglossia（双言制度）refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism where two varieties of a Ianguage exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.