名词专练课件.ppt

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1、English Grammar,简明英语语法,第一讲 名词,2.1名词的分类,名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,joy等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:doctor,house,photo。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family,class。 3)物质名词(Mater

2、ial Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:rice,water,air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:health,friendship。,个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。,归纳表格如下 |专有名词 | | 名 | | 个体名词 | | | | 可数名词 | | | 集体名词 | |普通名词 | | | 词 | | 物质名词 | | | | 不可数名词| | 抽象名词 | |,2.2名

3、词复数的规则变化,情况 构成方法 读音例词_ 一般情况加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps 2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags读 /z/; car-cars_以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches_以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词 加 -s读 /iz/ license-licenses_ 以辅音字母+y 变y 为i结尾的词 再加es 读 /z/ baby-babies,1)以y 结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时, 直接加s变复数: 如:two Marys the Henrys monkey

4、-monkeysholiday-holidays比较: 楼层:storey -storeys story-stories 2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时: a. 加s,如: photo-photospiano-pianosradio-radios zoo-zoos; b. 加es,如:potato-potatoestomato-tomatoes c. 均可,如:zero-zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: a. 加s,如: belief-beliefsroof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs; b. 去f,fe 加ves,如knife

5、-knives thief-thieves leaf-leaveswolf-wolves wife-wiveslife-lives c. 均可,如:handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves,2.3 名词复数的不规则变化,1)child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teeth mouse-miceman-men woman-women 注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。 如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Ge

6、rmans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。2)单复同形如: deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 如:staff peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数,不能说a staff a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policema

7、n,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。如: The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。,4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。b. news 是不可数名词。c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations wa

8、s organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fish

9、es(各种)鱼,2.4不可数名词量的变化,1) 物质名词a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。比较:Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。This factory produces steel.(不可数)We need various steels.(可数)c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。2) 抽象名词有时也可数。four freedoms 四大自由 the fou

10、r modernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如:a glass of water 一杯水a piece of advice一条建议,2.5 复合名词的复数形式,a. 一般是只把复合名词中的主体名词变成复数形式。looker(s)-on旁观者, son(s)-in-law女婿如没有主体名词,则在最后一个词变成复数形式。 grow-up(s)成年人, go-between(s)中间人c.有些复合名词的组成部分都要变成复数形式。 man servant men servants woman doctor women doctors,2.6 名词作定语,名词

11、作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。 如:sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:men workerswomen teachers gentlemen officials,3) 有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。 如:goods train (货车) arms produce武器生产 customs paper

12、s 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷4) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如:two-dozen eggs两打/(二十四个鸡蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan一个五年计划,2.7名词的格,在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有或所属关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下:1)表示有生命的东西(人或动物)的名词所有格一般在名词后加s。 my fathers study 我父亲的书房 a. 以s或es结尾的复数名词的所有格只在

13、名词后加“ ”。 the teachers reading room 教员阅览室 b. 不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格要加 s。 the peoples right 人民的权利 the womens dressc. 如专有名词以s结尾,它的所有格一般只加“ ”,但也有加 s 的时候。 Burns poems 彭斯的诗,d. 复合名词的所有格的词尾 s 加在后面的名词之后。 her son-in-laws photo 她女婿的照片 e. 如果一样东西为两人共有,则只在后一个名词的后面加s 。如果不是共有的,则两个名词之后都要加s。 Jane and Helens room 珍妮和海伦的房间(共有)

14、 Bills and Toms radios 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机(不共有)f. 有些指时间,距离,国家,城镇的无生命名词也可加 s 表示所有格。 half an hours class 半个小时的课 Chinas industry 中国的工业 twenty minutes walk 二十分钟的路程,2) 表示无生命东西的名词一般与of构成词组,表示所有关系。 the cover of the book 书的封面 the contents of the story故事的内容3) 指有生命的名词有时也可以用of词组表示所有格。a. 如果名词较长。 the story of Dr. Norm

15、an Bethune 白求恩的故事 the works of Marx 马克思著作b. 如果名词的定语较长,就只能用of词组来表示所有关系。 Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate? 你知道站在大门旁的那个男孩的名字吗?4)“of+ 词组+所有格 ”(双重所有格)的用法:在表示所属物的名词前有冠词,数词,不定代词或指示代词(如: a, two, some, this, that, these,those等)时,常用“of+ 词组+所有格 ”的形式来表示所有关系。a friend of my fathers = ( one of

16、my fathers friends) a picture of his uncles 他叔叔的一张照片 (他叔叔所有照片中的一张,但不一定是他本人的照片。试比较:a picture of his uncle 他叔叔本人的一张照片。) that novel of her little brothers 她弟弟的那本小说,随堂练习一. 将下列句子中的词变成复数形式。 Example: This is a bus. These are buses. She has a red bag. They have red bags.1. This is a brush.2. That is a tomat

17、o.3. He has a radio.4. There is a photo on the wall.5. He is a salesman.6. I am a tractor driver.7. That is her child.8. There is a piece of bread and a glass of milk in the table.9. An American and an Englishman visited (参观,访问)our university yesterday.10. He is neither a baby nor a child but a grow

18、n-up.,二. 选择正确的选项填空。1. ( ) Please remember to give the horse some tree_. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave2. ( ) -Would you like_tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two_.A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges3. ( ) John bought_for himse

19、lf yesterday.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes4. ( ) -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -Id like_. !A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken5. ( ) There are five_in our factory.A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. wom

20、en drivers,6. This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. Its a_. A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop7. They write most of their_ in English.A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses letter D. businesses letters8.The post office is a bit far from here. Its

21、 about_.A. thirty minutess walk B. thirty minutes walk C. thirty minutes walk D. thirty minutes walk 9. The post card is sent by _.A. a friend of my father B. a friend of my fathers C. my father friend D. my father friends10. Please take two_.A. picture of the park B. pictures of the park C. the pic

22、tures of a park D. picture of a park,Exercises一. 指出下列普通名词的类别。 air, aunt, ink, library, house,water, childhood, education, news, piano, group, hope, committee二.写出下列名词的复数形式。 baby, nurse, wish, fly, way, potato, fox, airman, sheep, tooth, hero, mouse, wolf, photo, German, potato, Frenchman, Chinese, su

23、ccess,三.用适当的选项填空。1. ( ) We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe2. ( ) What big_ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes3. ( ) Can we have some _? -Yes, please. A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear 4. ( ) When we saw his face, we

24、knew_ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news D. news5. ( ) He is hungry. Give him _ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads6. ( ) In the picture there are many_ and two _. A. sheep; foxes B. sheeps; fox C. sheeps; foxes D. sheep;foxs,7.( ) A gr

25、oup of_ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. Japanese D. American8. ( ) There are sixty-seven_ in our school.A. womens teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher9. ( ) We came to a _ at last and went in.A. watch shop B. watches shop C. watching shop D. watc

26、hs shop10. ( ) This table is made of_.A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass11. ( ) September 10th is_in China.A. Teachers Day B. TeachersDay C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day12. ( ) Excuse me, where is the_?A. mens room B. mens room C. mens rooms D. men rooms,13. This is my_dictionary. A. s

27、ister Mary B. sisters Mary C. sister, Marys D. sisters Marys14. Joan is_. A. Marys and Jack sister B. Mary and Jacks sister C. Mary and Jack sister D. Marys and Jacks sister 15. The football under the bed is_. A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. Lily and Lucys 16. Its about _ wa

28、lk from my house.A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutes 17. _ face to the south. A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room C. The rooms windows D. The windows in room18.Miss Smith is a friend of_. A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers,Answers:1-10 BBAADCBCBB1-18 CABCCACBADBACBDBBA,

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