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1、高中无机化学方程式(2)氢氧化钠与化合物的反应 常见反应方程式 ,NaCO+HO 2NaOH(过量)+CO22321.钠及其氧化物 NaOH+CO(过量),NaHCO 234Na+O,2NaO(常温) 22点燃 2NaOH+SiO,NaSiO+HO(常温下强碱缓慢2232 2Na+ONaO 222 腐蚀玻璃) 2Na+2HO,2NaOH+H? 222NaOH+AlO,2NaAlO+HO 23222Na+2NH,2NaNH+H 322NaOH+HS(足量),NaHS+HO 22 NaNH+HO,NaOH+NH? 2232NaOH+HS(少量),NaS+2HO 222NaO+HO,2NaOH 22
2、)+AlCl,Al(OH)?+3NaCl 3NaOH(少量33? 2NaO+O2NaO2222 NaOH+Al(OH),NaAlO+2HO 322? NaO+2Na2NaO(此反应用于制备2224NaOH(过量)+AlCl,NaAlO+2HO+3NaCl 322 NaO) 22NaAlO+CO(少量)+3HO,2Al(OH)?2223+NaCO23 NaO+SO,NaSO 2324NaAlO+ NaHCO+HO,Al(OH)?+NaCO 232323NaO+CO,NaCO 22233NaAlO+AlCl+6HO,4Al(OH)? NaO+2HCl,2NaCl+HO 232322(3)工业制玻璃
3、 2NaO+2HO,4NaOH+O? 2222高温 (此反应分两步NaO+2HO,2NaOH+HO;22222 NaCO+SiONaSiO+CO232232 2HO,2HO+O?。) 2222高温 2NaO+2CO,2NaCO+O NaCO+SiONaSiO+CO222232232232 2、NaOH及碳酸钠 (4)盐类的双水解 (1)单质与氢氧化钠的反应 3NaCO+2AlCl+3HO,2Al(OH)?+3CO?2332322NaOH+Si+HO,NaSiO+2H? 2232+6NaCl ? 3NaCO+2FeCl+3HO,2Fe(OH)?+3CO?2332326NaOH+3S2NaS+Na
4、SO+3HO 2232 +6NaCl 2NaOH+Cl,NaCl+NaClO+HO(常温) 223NaHCO+AlCl,Al(OH)?+3CO? 33326NaOH+3Cl,5NaCl+NaClO3+3HO(加热) 223NaHCO+FeCl,Fe(OH)?+3CO? 33322NaOH+2Al+2HO,2NaAlO+3H? 222(5)工业侯氏制碱 SO+2HNO(稀),3NaSO+2NO?+HO 3Na2332422NaSO+O,2NaSO(NaSO在空气中易变2322423NH+NaCl+CO+H0,NaHCO?+ NHCl 32234质) ? NaSO+HSO,NaSO+S?+SO?+
5、HO(溶液2422223242NaHCONaCO+CO?+HO 32322 变浑浊) (6)除杂问题 NaSO+SO+HO,2NaHSO 23223? NaCO+CO+HO,2NaHCO 323222NaHSONaSO+SO?+HO 32322 NaCO+SO=NaSO+CO(CO中的SO不能NaSiO+2HCl,HSiO?+2NaCl 232232 222323用NaCO洗气) NaSiO+CO(少量)+2HO=HSiO?23232223+NaCO 23NaHCO+SO=NaHSO+CO(CO中的SO可用323222CHONa+CO+HO,CHOH+NaHCO(此反应与6522653NaHC
6、O洗气) 3CO的用量无关) 23、其它钠的化合物 4、钾及其化合物 (1)实验室制氯化氢 ? ? 2KClO2KCl+3O? 32 NaCl+HSO(浓)NaHSO+HCl? 244 KClO+6HCl(浓),KCl+3Cl?+3HO 322HSO(浓)+2NaClNaSO+2HCl? 2424KClO+5KCl+3HSO,3Cl?+3KSO+3HO 3242242(2)实验室制硝酸 2KAl(SO)+6NaOH(少量) 42? HSO(浓)+NaNONaHSO+HNO? 24343,KSO+3NaSO+2Al(OH)? 24243 (微热) 2KAl(SO)+3Ba(OH)(少量) 422
7、(3)实验室制氮气 ,KSO+3BaSO?+2Al(OH)? 2443? NaNO+NHClNaCl+N?+2HO 2422KAl(SO)+2Ba(OH)(过量),KAlO+2BaSO42224 ?+2HO 2(4)其它反应 3KSCN+FeCl,Fe(SCN)+3KCl 33NaH+HO,NaOH+H?(NaH溶于水显碱性) 22KH+HO,KOH+H? 22NaS+Cl,2NaCl+S? 225、镁及其化合物 3NaS+8HNO(稀),6NaNO+2NO+3S?+4HO 2332(1)镁Mg 3NaS+Al(SO)+6HO,2Al(OH)?+3HS?2243232点燃 (盐的双水解) 2M
8、g+O22MgO (加热不钝化) Mg+2HOMg(OH)+H?222 (稀),Al(NO)+NO?+2HO Al+4HNO3332点燃 2Mg+CO22MgO+C 强调: Al、Fe在冷、浓HSO、浓HNO中243点燃 钝化 3Mg+NN Mg2 32 MgN+8HO,3Mg(OH)+2NH?HO(若水少322232(2)AlO、Al(OH) 233量，为氨气) AlO+3HSO,Al(SO)+3HO(AlO是两性2432232324氧化物) (2)MgCO 3AlO+2NaOH,2NaAlO+HO 2322MgCO+2HCl,2MgCl+CO?+HO 3222? ? 2Al(OH)AlO+
9、3HO 3232MgCO+2HOMg(OH)?+CO? 3222 Al(OH)+3HCl,AlCl+3HO 332? MgCOCO?+MgO 32 2Al(OH)+3HSO,Al(SO)+6HO 3242432(3)Mg(HCO) 32Al(OH)+NaOH,NaAlO+2HO 322Mg(HCO)+2HCl,MgCl+2CO?+2HO 32222(3)铝盐 ? 2Mg(HCO)Mg(OH)?+CO?+HO 32 222AlCl+3NaOH(少量),Al(OH)?+3NaCl 33 6、铝及其化合物 AlCl+4NaOH(过量),NaAlO2+3NaCl+2HO 32(1)铝 AlCl+3NH
10、?HO,Al(OH)?+3NHCl 33234铝热反应 ?高温 盐的双水解 4Al+3MnO2AlO+3Mn 223 2AlCl+3NaCO+3HO,2Al(OH)?+3CO?323232高温 2Al+CrOAlO+2Cr 2323 +6NaCl 高温 2Al+FeOAlO+2Fe 2323 AlCl+3NaHCO,Al(OH)?+3CO? 3332高温 2Al+3FeOAlO+3Fe 23AlCl+3NaAlO+6HO,4Al(OH)?+ 3NaCl 3223 ?其它反应 Al(SO)+3NaS+6HO,2Al(OH)?+3HS? 2432232? AlC+12HO,4Al(OH)?+3CH
11、? 432342Al+3SAlS 23 偏铝酸盐 2Al+6HCl,2AlCl+3H? 32NaAlO+HCl+HO=NaCl+Al(OH)? 2(少)232Al+3HSO(稀),Al(SO)+3H? 242432? NaAlO+4HCl=NaCl+AlCl?+2HO 2(过量)322Al+6HSO(浓)Al(SO)+3SO?+6HO2424322 (浓),Fe(NO)+NO?+2HO FeO+4HNO33322CO(少)+2NaAlO+3HO=2Al(OH)?+NaCO222323 (3)FeO 23高温 CO(过量)+NaAlO+2HO=Al(OH)?+NaHCO22233 FeO+2Al
12、AlO+2Fe 2323 7、铁及其化合物 ? FeO+3CO2Fe+3CO 232 (1)铁Fe ? 点燃 FeO+3H2Fe+3HO(制还原铁粉) 23222Fe+3Cl2FeCl 23 FeO+6HCl,2FeCl+3HO 2332点燃 3Fe+2OFeO 234 (4)FeO 34? ? Fe+SFeS FeO+4H3Fe+4HO 3422 2Fe+3Br,2FeBr 23FeO+8HCl(浓),FeCl+2FeCl+4HO 34232? Fe+IFeI (5)Fe(OH)、Fe(OH) 2223 4Fe(OH)+O+2HO,4Fe(OH) 2223? Fe+SFeS ? 2Fe(OH
13、)FeO+3HO 3232 高温 3Fe+4HO(g)FeO+4H 2342 (6)FeCl 2? 2Fe+6HSO(浓)Fe(SO)+3SO?2424322FeCl+Cl,2FeCl 223 +6HO(加热不钝化) 2(7)FeCl 3? 6HNO(浓)+FeFe(NO)+3NO?+3HO 333222FeCl+Fe,3FeCl 32 8HNO(稀)+3Fe(过量),3Fe(NO)+2NO?2FeCl+Cu,2FeCl+CuCl(用于制造印刷3323223+2+4HO(先得Fe,在Fe过量时再生成Fe电路板) 2的盐) 2FeCl+HS,2FeCl+2HCl+S? 3224HNO(稀过量)+
14、Fe=Fe(NO)+NO?+2HO 33322FeCl+2KI,2FeCl+2KCl+I 3224Zn+10HNO(较稀)=4Zn(NO)+NO?+5HO 33222FeCl+3NH?HO,Fe(OH)?+3NHCl 332344Zn+10HNO极稀)=4Zn(NO)+NHNO+3HO 3324322FeCl+3NaCO+3HO,2Fe(OH)?+3CO?323232+6NaCl (2)FeO FeCl+3NaHCO,Fe(OH)?+3CO?+3NaCl ? 3332 (固)+2NHCl(固)CaCl+2NHCa(OH)2423 2FeCl+SO+2HO,2FeCl+HSO+2HCl 3222
15、24?+2HO(氨气的实验室制 SO、HNO中钝243化) FeCl+3KSCN,Fe(SCN)+3KCl 333+-3+Al(SO)+3NaS+6HO,2Al(OH)?+3HS? 2432232Fe+3SCN=Fe(SCN)(血红色，用于Fe的3检验) 3+2-2Al+3S+6H0=2Al(OH)?+3HS? 2323+4+4Fe+3Fe(CN)=Fe4Fe(CN)3(蓝色沉66NaAlO+HCl+HO=NaCl+Al(OH)? 2(少)233+淀，用于Fe的检验) CO+2NaAlO+3HO=2Al(OH)?+NaCO2(少)22323 (8)FeS 3NaAlO+AlCl+6HO=4Al
16、(OH)?+ 3NaCl 2323FeS+2HCl(稀),FeCl+HS?(实验室制22HS) 210、碳及其化合物 (1)C FeS+HSO(稀),FeSO+HS?(实验室制2442HS) 2高温 C+HOCO+H(生成水煤气) 22 ? 4FeS2FeO+8SO+11O22232 ? C+2HSO(浓)CO?+2SO?+2HO 24222 8、钙Ca ? CaO+HO,Ca(OH) 22C+4HNO(浓)CO?+4NO?+2HO 3222 高温 CaO+SiOCaSiO 23(2)CO ? 2Ca(OH)+2Cl,CaCl+Ca(ClO)+2HO(工22222工业高炉炼铁:3CO+FeO2
17、Fe+3CO 232 业制漂白粉) 催化剂 高温 CO+HOCO+H 222? CaCO+SiOCaSiO+CO? 3232 (3)CO 2CaF+HSO(浓),CaSO+2HF? 2244点燃 Ca(PO)+3HSO(浓),3CaSO+2HPO 34224434CO+2Mg2MgO+C 2 Ca(PO)+2HSO(浓),2CaSO+Ca(HPO)342244242CO+Ca(OH)(过量),CaCO?+HO 2232(普钙) 2CO(过量)+Ca(OH),Ca(HCO) 2232Ca(PO)+4HPO,3Ca(HPO)(重钙) 34234242-CO(过量)+OH,HCO 23CaH+2HO
18、,Ca(OH)+2H? 2222CO+2NaAlO+3HO,2Al(OH)?+NaCO 222323-2-CO(少量)+2AlO+3HO,2Al(OH)?+CO ,2NO 2NO+O22233223NO+HO=2HNO+NO 223CO(过量)+ NaAlO+2HO,Al(OH)?22234NO+O+2HO=4HNO(用于计算)2223 +NaHCO 34NO+3O+2HO=4HNO(用于计算) 223-4)硝酸的反应: (CO(过量)+ AlO+2HO,Al(OH)?+HCO 22233? 11、硅Si 4HNO34NO?+ O?+ 2HO 2 22 (1)工业制纯硅: Cu+4HNO(浓)
19、= Cu(NO)+2NO?+2HO 33222? ?2C+SiOSi+2CO 23Cu+8HNO(稀)=3Cu(NO)+2NO?+4HO 3322 3 Fe(过量)+8HNO(稀)=3 Fe(NO)+2NO332? ?Si(粗)+2ClSiCl 24?+4HO 2 Fe(少量)+4HNO(稀)=Fe(NO)+NO?+2HO 3332? ?SiCl+2HSi(纯)+4HCl 42 4Zn + 10HNO(较稀),4Zn (NO)+ NO?332 2? Si(粉)+OSiO +5HO 222 ? 4Zn + 10HNO(极稀),4Zn (NO)+ 332Si+CSiC(金刚砂) NHNO+3HO
20、432Si+2NaOH+HO,NaSiO+2H?2232 ? (2)SiO 2C+4HNO(浓)2HO+4NO?+CO? 322 2 电炉 3HS+2HNO(稀)=4HO+2NO?+3S? 232SiC(金刚砂)+2CO? 3C+SiO2 2+3+-3Fe+NO +4H =3Fe+NO?+2HO (稀硝324HF+SiO,SiF+2HO 242酸) 12、氮及其化合物 2NH(少量)+3Cl=6HCl+N 322(1)氮 8NH(过量)+3Cl=6NHCl+N(生成白烟) 3242高温、高压 N3Na+3H2NHSO + 2HNO(稀)= 3NaSO +2NO?+ HO 22 3 233242
21、催化剂 13、关于氧 N+O2NO 22O+2HI,I+O+HO 3222(2)氨 PO+HO(冷),2HPO(偏磷酸) 25234NH+5O 4NO+6HO(工业制硝酸32 2PO+3HO(热),2HPO 25234的基础反应) MnO 22HO, 2HO+O? 22 22NH+2O=HNO+ HO(用于计算)3232 ? HO+Cl,2HCl+O 22222NHCl+Ca(OH)CaCl+2NH?+2HO42232 14、硫及其化合物 (实验室制氨气) (1)硫 ? NHHCO NH?+CO?+HO 433 22S+6HNO(浓),HSO+6NO?+2HO 32422 -+NH+HO NH
22、?HO NH+OH 323243S+4HNO(稀),3SO?+4NO?+2HO 322(3)氮的氧化物的反应: SO不能干燥HBr) H243S+6NaOH2NaS+NaSO+3HO 2232S+2HSO(浓),3SO?+2HO HSO(浓)+2HI SO+I+2HO(浓242224222(2)二氧化硫 HSO不能干燥HI) 24SO+2HS,3S?+2HO 22215、氟F2F+2HO,4HF+O 2 2222SO+O+2HO,2HSO 242224HF+SiO,SiF+2HO(腐蚀玻璃) 242SO+ X+2HO,HSO+2HX(X表示Cl、Br、222242216、氯Cl2 I) 24H
23、Cl(浓)+MnOMnCl+Cl?+2HO(实2222SO+Ca(OH),CaSO?+HO(不能用澄清石2232验室制氯气) 灰水鉴别SO和CO，可用品红鉴别) 22Cl+H2HCl(安静燃烧，苍白色火焰，222NaOH+SO(少量),NaSO+HO 2232瓶口有白雾) NaOH+SO(足量),NaHSO 233Cl+2P2PCl(产生白雾) 23SO+HO,HSO 22224Cl+PClPCl(产生白烟) 2355SO+2KMnO+2HO,2MnSO+KSO+2HSO 242424245Cl+I+6HO,2HIO+10HCl(反应转移2223SO+2FeCl+2HO,HSO+2FeCl+2
24、HCl 23224210mol电子) (3)硫化氢 Cl+2NaOH,NaCl+NaClO+HO(工业制漂白22液) 2HS+O(少量),2S+2HO 222+2HO(工2Cl+2Ca(OH),CaCl+Ca(ClO)222222HS+3O(足量),2SO+2HO 2222业制漂白粉) HS+HSO(浓),S?+SO+2HO 22422漂白粉失效:?Ca(ClO)+CO+HO, 2223HS+2HNO(稀),3S?+2NO+4HO 232CaCO+2HClO 35HS+2KMnO+3HSO4, 242?2HClO2HCl+O? 22MnSO+KSO+5S?+8HO 42423Cl+6KOH(热
25、、浓),5KCl+KClO+3HO 2323HS+KCrO+4HSO, 22272416HCl(浓)+2KMnO,2KCl+2MnCl+5Cl?422Cr(SO)+KSO+3S?+7HO 243242+8HO 2(4)硫酸 14HCl(浓)+KCrO,2KCl+2CrCl+3 Cl?227322HSO(浓)+ CCO?+2SO?+2HO 24222+7HO 217、溴Br 2HSO(浓)+S3SO?+2HO 224222HSO(浓)+CuCuSO+SO?+2HO 24422Br+2NaI,2NaBr+I 22HSO(浓)+2HBrSO+Br+2HO(浓24222Br+HO,HBr+HBrO 2
26、221、铅 (1)Pb、PbO2 Br+NaOH,NaBr+NaBrO+HO 2218、碘I2 ? PbO+4HCl(浓)PbCl+Cl?+2HO 2222 I+H2HI 22I+Fe FeI 22(2)铅盐 I+2NaOH,NaI+NaIO+HO 22 (CHCOO)Pb+HS=PbS?+CHCOOH 322319、锰 22、银 (1)KMnO 42AgNO2Ag+2NO?+O?(保存在棕色322? 2KMnOKMnO+MnO+O? 42422瓶中) +O,AgOH?+NH 2KMnO+16HCl(浓),2KCl+2MnCl+5ClAg+NH?H422324?+8HO 2+Ag+2NH?HO,Ag(NH)+HO 323222KMnO+5HO+3HSO,KSO+2MnSO+5O?422242442 +8HO 2 (2)MnO 2? MnO+4HCl(浓)MnCl+Cl?+2HO(实2222 验室制氯气) 20、铜Cu ? 2Cu+O2CuO 2 ? 2Cu+SCuS 2 Cu+ClCuCl22 ? 3CuO+2NH3Cu+N+3HO 322 ? Cu(OH)CuO+HO 22 CuCl+HS,CuS?+2HCl 22CuSO+HS,CuS?+HSO 4224