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1、一)原因 1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation. A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem). 2. The answer to this problem involves many factors.3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that. 4. The factors that contribute to this situa
2、tion include. 5. The change in .largely results from the fact that. 6. We may blame .,but the real causes are. 7. Part of the explanations for it is that . One of the most common factors (causes ) is that . Another contributing factor (cause ) is . Perhaps the primary factor is that But the fundamen
3、tal cause is that 二)比较 1.The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. 2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. 3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that. 4.It is reasonable to maintain that .but it would be foolish to claim that. 5.For all the disadvantag
4、es, it has its compensating advantages. 6.Like anything else, it has its faults. 7.A and B has several points in common. 8.A bears some resemblances to B. 9.However, the same is not applicable to B. 10. A and B differ in several ways. 11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects. 12. Peo
5、ple used to think ., but things are different now. 13. The same is true of B. 14. It has its drawbacks. 15. It is true that A . , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are . 三)批驳1)It is true that ., but one vital point is being left out.2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ign
6、ore a more important fact. 3) Some people say ., but it does not hold water. 4) Many of us have been under the illusion that. 5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is. 6) It makes no sense to argue for . 7) Too much stress placed on . may lead to . 8) Such a statement main
7、ly rests on the assumption that . 9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that .四)后果 1. It may give rise to a host of problems. 2. The immediate result it produces is . 3. It will exercise a profound influence upon. 4. Its consequence can be so great that. 五)举例 1) A good case in point is
8、. 2) As an illustration, we may take . 3) Such examples might be given easily. 4) .is often cited as an example. 六)证明1) No one can deny the fact that . 2) The idea is hardly supported by facts. 3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows . 4) Recent studies indicate that . 5) There is suffici
9、ent evidence to show that . 6) According to statistics proved by ., it can be seen that . 七)开篇 1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of . 2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus. 3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic. 4) Recently the issue has aroused great conc
10、ern among . 5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over . 6) Never in our history has the idea that . been so popular. 7) Faced with ., quite a few people argue that . 8) According to a recent survey, . 9) With the rapid development of ., . 八)结尾 1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the
11、 conclusion that . 2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop . 3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to . 4) In conclusion, it is imperative that . 5) There is no easy method, but .might be of some help. 6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must . 7) In summary, if we
12、 continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up. 8) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.9) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to . 10) Taking all these into account, we . 11) Whether it is go
13、od or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear. 掌握大学英语四六级写作多种表达法http:/ 2008年03月10日 14:24 四六级考试网对于中国学生来说，英语四六级写作多种表达是一种综合运用英语的能力。从某一意义上说，多种表达也就是一句多译，其主要途径有： 1、运用同义词语。如：“他上星期生病了”可译为：(1) He got ill last week. (2) He was ill last week. (3) He fell ill last week. (4) He became ill last week.
14、 (5) He was in bad health last week. 2、运用同一词语的不同句式结构.如：“他写那篇文章花了三个星期”可译为：(1) It took him three weeks to write the article. (2) He took three weeks to write the article. (3) The article took him three weeks. (4) To write the article took him three weeks. (5) It took three weeks for him to write the a
15、rticle. (6) Writing the article took him three weeks. 3、运用简单句与复合句的相互转换理论。如：The man standing there is a policeman.The man who is standing there is a policeman. What we should do next is unknown.What to do next is unknown. We are thinking of how we can finish the work in time.We are thinking of how to
16、 finish the work in time. 4、综合运用同义词语与不同句式。如：“他做完练习后，便出去了”可译为：(1) After he had finished the exercises, he went out. (2) After he finished the exercises, he went out. (3) Having finished the exercises, he went out. (4) Finishing the exercises, he went out. (5) After finishing the exercises, he went ou
17、t. (6) The exercises being finished, he went out. (7) The exercises finished, he went out. (8) The exercises having been done, he went out. 另外，还可采用修辞等方法，以增进多种表达的本领。一、写作 (一)存在问题 1.不会写所谓不会写指的是，当考试拿过一篇文章不知如何下手，不知如何提笔进行写作。笔者认为主要是存在以下两个原因：一是考生的确无话可说；二是心里虽然有话，但是拿捏不准该写哪句为妙。于是思前想后、犹豫不决，始终不敢提笔进行写作。2.写不好所谓写不好
18、就是，拿过作文题，没有明确的写作思路，不按套路出牌；或是简单汉语逻辑思维写作，不符合英语写作标准，近而没有文采。原因在于：第一是平时没有养成良好的写作习惯；第二对于英语写作的句式特点以及整体文章结构框架不了解。(二)解决办法 第一，首先必须熟悉英语四级写作具体要求。英语四级考试要求考生在30分钟内写出120字的文章。体材主要有议论文(分为“Topic题型”和A&B又称“正反观点题”)应用文(主要是书信)、图表文等。针对不同的体裁，写作思路是不同的。比如，以议论文举例来说：1.议论文写作思路2.议论文分类：阐述主题型作文(Topic)；正反观点型作文(A&B)3.阐述主题型作文写作：(这类题型作
19、文要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述) 5. 正反观点型作文(A&B)(这类题型作文通常从正反两方面来分别论述，最后得出你自己的结论。采用论点加论据写作形式。)第二，熟悉英语写作的几个重要概念。1.英语文章段落结构特点英语文章段落结构一般有三部分构成：主题句+扩展句+结尾句(1)主题句：所谓主题句，就是英语文章段落的中心思想句。它是英语文章段落的灵魂，在英语文章段落中居于主导地位。我们都知道英语文章一般喜欢开门见山，所以主题句一般位于英语文章段落的句首。其他句子都要围绕它而展开。(2)扩展句：所谓扩展句就是为主题句起解释说明或论证的句子。通常我们写扩展句所采用的方法是举例子(f
20、or example, for instance, such as, a case in point is that-)、列数据(according to the recent study/survey,-)等。(3)结尾句：所谓结尾句就是总结句。英语写作也类似于汉语写作，最后再把自己本段落的写作目的陈述一下。但是在英语写作中结尾句毕竟还是少数。因此我们通常看到英语的文章段落结构 60%-70%都是由主题句+扩展句构成。2.主旨句作为主旨句就是英语文章的中心思想句。英语文章一般首先用一句话概括一下作者的写作目的或意图，我们就把这句话称之为主旨句。没有受过写作训练的考生是不会写主旨句的。因此这样
21、的文章就不能够称之为好的英语文章，自然也得不到阅卷人的青睐了。第三，学会遣词造句 1.遣词：(1)词汇等级所谓词汇的等级就是，我们在写作的过程中，如果想出一个基本词汇来之后，能够在这个基本词汇的基础上把它在提升一下，也就是我们一般写作所提倡的用“难词”。比如，我们一提到“重要的”，大多数同学首先会想到“important”这个单词，那么提升一下的话就可以想到它的如下同义词：significant, vital, main, , crucial, momentous etc(2)词汇准确性所谓词汇的准确性是指，我们在有一个词近而想到它的同义词之后，要结合语境选择恰当的用词。在这里必须指明的是，并
22、不是词汇等级越高越好，必须还要考虑到适合于不同的语境。比如，眼睛大，这个“大的”形容词，我们首先会想到big,近而想到great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous etc。那么是不是用后面的词就可以了呢？或者说用上enormous等词更能博得阅卷人的好感呢？答案是否定的。在这里很明显用后面的词来修饰眼睛是不可以，只能用big，因为我们听过一首英文歌曲叫做“I am a big big girl, in a big big world.”big表示眼睛大而迷人可爱的。2.造句：(1)词组很多考生平时写作不太擅长用词组，对于他们而言最习惯的就是想到汉语，然
23、后对应汉语思维写出英语句子，这种写作只能是单词的罗列组合，谈不上什么技巧文采可言，因此，写出来的文章必然就是所谓平淡如流水，没有英语的味道。如果我们能够在单词的基础上，进一步想到与之同义的词组，那么文章就会显得与众不同，更具有英语的味道。比如上面所说的“重要的”这个单词，当我们想到important的时候，如果从语法角度再稍加考虑一下，我们会想到“be of importance”。因为，语法中规定：形容词等于of加这个形容词的名词形式。如果再提升一步，我们还学过一个常用的词组叫做“play an important role in-”。很多同学说自己的文章凑不够字数或是没有文采，那么采用词组
24、进行写作是不是就可以解决以上问题了呢？(2)句式除了采用词组，要使文章更具英语的味道，我们还需要变换句式。没有受过正规作文训练的考生，通常采用的句式多为主谓宾、主系表。于是我们看到大多数的文章充斥着这样的形式：I am a good boy, and I am a student. I study in Shandong University, and I have three years experience in Qilu Hotel.这样流水帐式的文章显然不能得到高分。写作中阅卷人喜欢的句式有以下两种：一是插入语；二是倒装。第一，插入语。所谓插入语，英语中有两种形式。一种是有两个逗号之间
25、引起的成分称之为插入语；第二种是有两个半破折号引起的成分称之为插入语。如下所示：Jinan, the Spring City, is a famous tourist city.Other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid, material resources, and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.插入语的作用主要有两个，一个是突出主语，比如说：He, who would like
26、to play basketball, is a good student.第二个作用是解释说明，比如说：People, especially students, should work hard.第二，倒装倒装是我们写作中需要用到的。虽然略显俗套，但是却是很能满足阅卷人的主观感受的。常用的倒装形式有以下几种：Only + 时间状语 Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more bea
27、utiful future. Only + 介词词组 Only by planning his time carefully can he improve efficiency and make achievements. Only in this way can we master the writing skills step by steps. 否定词位于句首(hardly when; never; not only-,but also-; seldom) 在我一生当中很难遇到这样的人 Seldom in my life have I met such a kind-hearted ma
28、n. 地点方位名词位于句首 In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games. (3)修辞无论是汉语写作还是英语写作，修辞其实非常的重要。它是作者写作功底具体事例地展现。所谓修辞包括比喻、拟人、排比等等。这里仅举一个比喻例子，还是拿“重要的”来举例。当你用完词组之后，如果你用上下面比如句子，则文章就会显得神采飞扬，试比较：The bicycle is important for us.The bicycle is of impor
29、tance for us.The bicycle plays an important role in our life.The bicycle, environmental friendliness vehicle, plays an important role in our life.The bicycle is like the air, water, and sunshine and cannot be parted with a moment in our life.那么很明显，最后一个句子是我们最终拿到考场上去搏击高分的句子。第四，平时要注意积累 很多考生为了写好作文也作了好多工
30、作，课下也付出了很多，包括背诵大量的文章等等，但是提笔写作时候，仍不见的有所改观。问题在哪里呢？我认为，很多考生虽然也背诵文章，但却只是死记硬背。如果合上书本让他复述，他们就会卡壳。就是茶壶里煮饺子，倒不出来。我们说背诵是个输入的过程，而说和写则是输出的过程。我们真正需要的是把平时积累的随时随地用在我们的写作中。因此，我们在注重积累的同时，一定在平时练习的时候，把他们多家运用。只有多练多用，才能真正达到学以致用，才能真正提高写作水平。经验交流：英语四六级作文35个加分句型一、 the + est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/hea
31、rd/had/read, etc) the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/ heard/ had/ read, etc) 例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。二、Nothing is + er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词
32、 + than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、 cannot emphasize the importance of too much.(再怎么强调.的重要性也不为过。) 例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。四、There is no denying that + S + V .(不可否认的.) 例句：There is no
33、 denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子 (全世界都知道.)例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 六、There is no doubt that + 句子 (毫无疑问的.) 例句：There is no doubt that our
34、 educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 七、An advantage of is that + 句子 (.的优点是.) 例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create (produce) any pollution. 用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 八、The reason why + 句子 is that + 句子 (.的原因是.) 例句：The reason why we have to grow tr
35、ees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (如此.以致于.) 例句：So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。 十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S
36、 + V (虽然.) 例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。十一、The+er+S+V,the+er+S+VThe+more+Adj+S+V,the+more+Adj+S+V(愈.愈.)例句：Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyoumake.你愈努力，你愈进步。Themorebooksweread,
37、themorelearnedwebecome.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。十二、By+Ving,can(借着.，.能够.)例句：Bytakingexercise,wecanalwaysstayhealthy.借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。十三、enable+Object(受词)+to+V(.使.能够.)例句：Listeningtomusicenableustofeelrelaxed.听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。十四、Onnoaccountcanwe+V(我们绝对不能.)例句：Onnoaccountcanweignorethevalueofknowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。十五、
38、Itistime+S+过去式(该是.的时候了)例句：Itistimetheauthoritiesconcernedtookproperstepstosolvethetrafficproblems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。十六、Thosewho(.的人.)例句：Thosewhoviolatetrafficregulationsshouldbepunished.违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。十七、Thereisnoonebut(没有人不.)例句：Thereisnoonebutlongstogotocollege.没有人不渴望上大学。十八、be+forced/compelle
39、d/obliged+to+V(不得不.)例句：Sincetheexaminationisaroundthecorner,Iamcompelledtogiveupdoingsports.既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。十九、It isconceivablethat+句子(可想而知的)Itisobviousthat+句子(明显的)Itisapparentthat+句子(显然的)例句：Itisconceivablethatknowledgeplaysanimportantroleinourlife.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。二十、Thatisthereasonwhy(那就
40、是.的原因)例句：Summerissultry.ThatisthereasonwhyIdontlikeit.夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。二十一、Forthepast+时间，S+现在完成式.(过去.年来，.一直.)例句：Forthepasttwoyears,Ihavebeenbusypreparingfortheexamination.过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。二十二、Since+S+过去式，S+现在完成式。例句：Sincehewenttoseniorhighschool,hehasworkedveryhard.自从他上高中，他一直很用功。二十三、Itpaysto+V(.是值得的。
41、)例句：Itpaystohelpothers.帮助别人是值得的。二十四、bebasedon(以.为基础)例句：Theprogressoftheesocietyisbasedonharmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。二十五、Sparenoeffortto+V(不遗余力的)例句：Weshouldsparenoefforttobeautifyourenvironment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。二十六、bringhometo+人+事(让.明白.事)例句：Weshouldbringhometopeoplethevalueofworkinghard.我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。二十七、
42、becloselyrelatedto(与.息息相关)例句：Takingexerciseiscloselyrelatedtohealth.做运动与健康息息相关。二十八、Getintothehabitof+Ving=makeitaruleto+V(养成.的习惯)Weshouldgetintothehabitofkeepinggoodhours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。二十九、Dueto/Owingto/Thanksto+N/Ving,(因为.)例句：Thankstohisencouragement,Ifinallyrealizedmydream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。三十、What
43、a+Adj+N+S+V!=How+Adj+a+N+V!(多么.！)例句：Whatanimportantthingitistokeepourpromise!Howimportantathingitistokeepourpromise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事！三十一、Leavemuchtobedesired(令人不满意)例句：Theconditionofourtrafficleavesmuchtobedesired.我们的交通状况令人不满意。三十二、Haveagreatinfluenceon(对.有很大的影响)例句：Smokinghasagreatinfluenceonourhealth.抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。三十三、dogoodto(对.有益)，doharmto(对.有害)例句：Readingdoesgoodtoourmind.读书对心灵有益。Overworkdoesharmtohealth.工作过度对健康有害。三十四、Poseagreatthreatto(对.造成一大威