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1、Chapter 12 Scientific Literature Translation,The architecture of scientific literature advocates preciseness, accurate concepts, strong logic, concise style of writing, outstanding emphases, neat and less changeable sentence type. Prefix statements are used frequently, that is, the main information
2、is put forward as far as it could. And main information is transferred through the subject. In a word, the architecture features of scientific literature are: clear, accurate, concise, and tight.,Architecture Features of Scientific Literature,Grammar Features of Scientific Literature,Scientific lite
3、rature is a carrier of science and technology. It is used to present the nature of science and technology objectively. It requires rigor logic and it should specify the viewpoints of authors objectively. Thus the present tense, indicative mood, modal verbs such as Can and May, the passive voice, pos
4、t modifiers are used often in scientific literature.,The use of present tense in scientific literature,Scientific literature uses more present tense and the indicative mood of the verb to show general narration with timeliness, namely narrate the fact or the truth. Objectively to state definition, t
5、heorem, equation, formula and chart, etc. For example: （1）The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。 （2）AIDS is spread by direct infection of the bloodstream with body fluids that contain the AIDS virus. 艾滋病传播是由血液和带有艾滋病病毒的体液直接感染引起的。,The use of moda
6、l verb,（3）Force is a vector which has both magnitude and direction. 力是一种向量，它既有大小又有方向。 （4）Hooke law states that the strain developed is directly proportional to the stress producing it. 胡克定律表明，应变与引起应变的应力成正比。,In Scientific literature, the using frequency of modal verbs “can” and “may” is a little high
7、er compared with others. This is because these two modal verbs can be used for expressing objective possibility, while others stress more on subjectivity.,（1）Anyone with a personal computer, a modem and the necessary software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on. 任何人只要有一台个人电脑，再有一个调制解调器
8、和必要的软件，就可以把电脑连接到电话线上，然后就能申请上网。 （2）The modern digital computer is an electronic machine that can perform mathematical or logical calculations and data processing functions in accordance with a predetermined program of instructions. 数字计算机是能够完成数字和逻辑运算，并能够按照事先编制好的程序进行数据处理的电子设备。,The use of passive voice,
9、Scientific literature inclines to use the passive voice. The statistics shows, the passive voice of predicate in scientific literatures amounts to 1/3 at least. This is because scientific literature put more emphasis on stating the fact, method, performance and characteristic objectively. Compared w
10、ith active voice, passive voice expresses more objectively, which helps to concentrate the readers attention on narrating objects, reality or the course.,（1）Atoms can be thought of as miniature solar systems, with a nucleus at the center and electrons orbiting at specific distances from it. 原子可以被看成是
11、一个微型的太阳系，原子核在其中心，而电子以一定的距离绕核做圆周运动。 （2）Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. 应当注意机器的工作温度。 In addition, if the first person and the second person are used too much, it will cause the impression that the material is assumed subjectively. So try ones best to use the third per
12、son to narrate, adopt the passive voice.,（1）Electrical energy can be stored in two plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is measured in farads. 电能能被储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板内。这样的装置被称
13、为电容器，其储存电能的能力被称为电容，电容的测量单位是法拉。 （2）We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. 我们能把电能储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板内。我们把这样装置称为电容器，把其储存电能的能力
14、称为电容，我们以法拉为电容的测量单位。,The subjects of each sentence in（1）are： Electrical energy Such a device Its ability to store electrical energy It (Capacitance) They all include more information. Being placed at the beginning of the sentence, they are very striking. Four subjects are different totally, which pre
15、vents from dull repeating. The front and back are consistent, smooth naturally. It shows that passive structure can accept the succinct and objective result. 51,The use of post modifiers,It is one of the characteristics of scientific literature to use a lot of post modifiers, too. The common modifie
16、rs are prepositional phrase, adjective or adjective phrase, adverbial word, individual participle and attributive clause, etc.,Prepositional phrase,The forces due to friction are called frictional forces. 由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。 Adjective or adjective phrase Antarctica is a continent very difficult to reac
17、h. 南极洲是一块很难到达的大陆。,Since 1930 dozens of objects smaller than atoms have been discovered 1930年以来，发现了几十种比原子还小的物质。 Semiconductors have properties different from those of conductors and insulators 半导体具有不同于导体和绝缘体的特性。 Adverbial word The air outside pressed the side in. 外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。 The force upward equa
18、ls the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level. 向上的力与向下的力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。,Individual participle,A material subjected to a tensile or compressive load of sufficient magnitude will deform at first elastically and then plastically. 受一定大小的拉伸载荷或压缩载荷的材料，首先发生弹性变形，然后发生塑性变形。,Attributive clause,
19、Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist. 如果认为理性知识不必由感性知识得来, 那他就是一个唯心主义者。,Translation Techniques of Scientific Literature,It was not until sixty years ago that a method of extracting aluminum ore was found which could lead to a cheap larg
20、e-scale process. 直到60年前人们才找到开采铝矿的方法, 从而使低成本、大规模冶炼金属铝成为可能。 Liquids, which contain no free electrons, are poor conductors of heat. 各种液体, 由于不含有自由电子, 是热的不良导体。,Translation is an extremely complicated social psychological phenomenon in the information interchange course. The knowledge of the language is a
21、n interpreters foundation. In addition, it is a complicated psychological cognition process involving reasoning, judging, analyzing and synthesizing etc. The translation methods and skills are the universal laws that interpreter summarized according to the characteristics of two languages in the lon
22、g-term practice. They can guide us on translating practice and help us deal with various kinds of language phenomena in translating course more conscientiously and agilely. 52,Subordinate clause and diction,In scientific literature, three kinds of subordinate clauses are used frequently. They are no
23、minal, attributive and adverbial subordinate clause. The adverbial subordinate clause can be sub-divided to an adverbial of time, place, cause, comparison, proportion, condition, concession, purpose, result etc. Before the translation, it is important and necessary to distinguish which is the main c
24、lause and which is the subordinate clause. For the predicative, objective subordinate clauses or nominal subordinate clauses guiding by such pronouns as what, who whether, that, where, why, how, when. They can be translated in the original order.,（1）That like charges repel but opposite charges attra
25、ct is one of the fundamental laws of electricity. 同性电荷相斥、异性电荷相吸是电学的基本定律之一。 （2）The great advantage of electronic computers is that they do many operations in an incredibly short time. 电子计算机最大的优点是，它们能在短到令人难以置信的时间内进行大量运算。 （3）Wilmut maintains that cloning animals has tremendous potential for helping peo
26、ple. 威尔姆坚持认为克隆动物在为人类造福方面有着巨大的潜力。,In the structure of forms subject it + predicate + subordinate clauses guiding by that (whether), it should be translated in it original order. （1）It isnt surprising that much of todays medical software is designed to help practitioners handle the information over lo
27、ad. 毫不奇怪，几天许多所设计的医疗软件是用来辅助医生应付信息量超负荷的问题。 （2）It is estimated that the new synergy between computers and Net technology will have significant influence on the industry of the future. 据预测，电脑和网络技术之间的新的结合将会对未来工业长生巨大的影响。,Amplification and Omission,Because of the difference between English and expression w
28、ay of Chinese, English original texts and Chinese translations are not one-one relations definitely. Some words are indispensable in English, but it is surplus to translate out word by word. On the other hand, when translating a lot of English sentences into Chinese, it is necessary to add some word
29、s which are absent in English original text. These kinds of amplification and omission translation methods are indispensable ways to express the original text accurately and fluently.,It should be noted, amplification method doesnt mean to create something out of nothing again, omission method doesn
30、t mean to delete willfully. Whether it is appropriate of using amplification and omission translation methods, it depends on the skilled degree of the translator for the original language and translation language. That is to say, it depends on the depth in understanding to English original text and
31、accuracy in using Chinese expression.,（1）You have seen how water expands when it is heated and contracts when it is cooled. 你已经看到水受热时怎样膨胀，冷却时又怎样收缩。 （2）Now human being have not yet progressed as to be able to make an element by combining protons, neutrons and electrons. 目前，人类还没有进展到能把质子、中子、电子三者化合成一个元素
32、的地步。 （3）A square has four equal sides. 正方形四边相等。 （4）Technology is the application of scientific method and knowledge to industry to satisfy our material needs and wants. 技术就是在工业上应用科学方法和科学知识以满足我们物质上的需求。,Negation methods,Both English and Chinese can express the same concept from front or the reverse si
33、de. In practical English-Chinese translation course, in order to deal with the expression difficulty and to make the translation more clearly and coherently, sometimes we can translate the original text from the opposite expressed side. Negation method is an important translation method. It is used
34、very widely in practical translation course.,（1）One body never exerts a force upon another without the second reacting against the first. 一个物体对另一个物体施加作用力必然会受到这另外一个物体的反作用力。 （2）Metal do not melt until heated to a definite temperature. 金属加热到一定温度才会熔化。 （3）Before too many years have passed, corner gasolin
35、e stations may be replaced by ammonia or methanol stations or battery-recharging terminals. 不用多少年，街头的加油站就可能被氨或甲醇供应站、或者是蓄电池充电站所代替。 （4）The average speed of all molecules remains the same so long as the temperature is constant. 只要温度不变，全部分子的平均速度也就不变。,Division methods for long sentences,It is very common
36、 to express complicated concepts with long sentence in English. The appearance of long sentences in scientific literature is extremely frequent. Generally speaking, there are three respects to lead to the fact of long sentences. (1) There are too many modifiers. (2) There are too many side by side s
37、tructures. (3)There are many structure levels of language. Chinese is different, which often uses several short sentences and does the well arranged narration. So, while translating from English to Chinese, special attention should be paid to the difference between English and Chinese, resolve the l
38、ong sentence of English, translate into short sentence of Chinese. The following methods are generally taken.,1、When the content and narrating level of long English sentence are unanimous basically with Chinese. It can be translated into Chinese according to the order of English original text. For e
39、xample: （1）However, fiber systems can carry so many more telephone conversations at the same time than wire pairs, and can carry them so much farther without amplification or regeneration, that when there are many telephone calls to be carried between points such as switching offices fibers systems
40、are economically attractive. 然而，光导纤维系统在同一时间内传送的电话比普通导线传送的多，它无需放大或者再生就能将之传送到更远的地方，因此，当各地之间（例如中继局之间）要进行大量的通话时，光导纤维系统就会在经济上显得更具有吸引力。,（2）In the not-too-distant future, computers will probably give on every aspect of farming -which crops to plant, when and where to plant them, how much and what types of
41、fertilizer to use, and when and where to market the crops. 在不远的将来，计算机也许将为农业提供方方面面的帮助，如种植那些作物，在什么时候，在哪些地方栽种，用哪种肥料，用量多少，以及在什么时候和什么地方销售农产品等。,2、The expression order of English long sentences is different from that of Chinese, even totally opposite. So it must be translated from the back of the original
42、text. For example: （1）Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态
43、的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。,（2）This is why the hot water system in a furnace will operate without the use of a water pump, if the pipes are arranged so that the hottest water rises while the coldest water runs down again to the furnace. 如果把管子装成这样，使最热的水上升，而最冷的水流下来后返回锅炉里去，那么锅炉里的热水系统不用水泵就能循环，道理就在于此。,3、Sometim
44、es, if the relation between subject or the main clause and the modifier is very close in English, according to the habit of using more short sentences in Chinese, the subordinate clauses or phrases of sentence can be turned into the sentences while translating. That is to say, to narrate separately
45、in order to make language purpose consistent. Sometimes some words should be added properly. （1）Lathe sizes range from very little with the length of the bed in several inches to very large ones turning a work many feet in length. 车床尺寸有大有小，小的床身只有几英寸长，大的可以切削几英尺长的工件。,（2）Manufacturing process may be cl
46、assified as unit production with small quantities and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced. 制造过程可以分为单件生产和批量生产。单件生产就是生产少量的零件，批量生产是指生产大量相同的零件。,Inversion,Some inversion structures appear because the grammar needs, some appear because of the need that the structure should
47、 be balanced. （1）Punched on the tapes are numbers of holes which mean binarys 1 for the computer. 带上打着许多孔，这些孔对计算机来说意味着二进位的1。 （2）Only after a program is prepared in every detail, can the electronic computer understand the problem it to solve. 只有在详尽的编织出程序后，电子计算机才能读懂要解的题目。,（3）Never has a machine been s
48、o efficient and accurate as the electronic computer. 从来不曾有过象电子计算机那样效率高而又准确的机器。 （4）No sooner has the current started running in one direction than back it comes again. 电流刚开始朝一个方向流动就立即返回。,Notes,1. The architecture of scientific literature advocates preciseness, accurate concepts, strong logic, concise
49、 style of writing, outstanding emphases, neat and less changeable sentence type. 句意：科技文献的结构应体现严谨、概念准确、逻辑性强、文风简练、重点突出，句式少有变化等特点。,Exercises Translate the following sentences into Chinese:,One material can be distinguished from another by their physical properties: color, density, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal and electrical conductivity, strength and hardness. Many plastics become soft on heating but harden again when cooled, while others can be heated strongly without apparently changing. It has to be pointed out that one and the same word may have