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1、盾构过江隧道线覆土区域施工安全防范措施来源：考试大 1前言 过江水底隧道有五种主要的施工方法：围堤明挖法、气压沉箱法、岩钻法、盾构法和沉管法。盾构法是修建隧道的一种重要施工方法，尤其是在软上地层中。自从1843年第一条盾构法隧道在伦敦泰晤士河下建成以来，盾构法隧道的设计和施工技术得到了很大发展，出现了泥水加压式和土压平衡式盾构，衬砌由铸铁转向钢筋混凝土或钢材组成。 盾构法施工的主要特点：可在盾构的掩护下安全地进行土层开挖和衬砌的支护工作；进行水底隧道施工时，不影响航道通航；盾构推进、出土、拼装衬砌等主要工序循环进行，施工易于管理，施工人员也较少；施工不受风雨等气象条件影响。 盾构法存在的一些问
2、题是：当隧道曲线半径过小时，施工较为困难；在水下作业时，覆土太浅则不够安全；盾构施工中采用全气压方法以疏干和稳定地层时，对劳动保护要求较高，施工条件差；在饱和含水层中，盾构法施工所用的拼装衬砌，对达到整体结构防水性的技术要求较高。 2浅覆土区域盾构掘进时存在的安全问题 2.1浅覆土易产生冒顶通透水流 为了减少线路的坡度，一般河底段覆土极浅。在浅覆土区域，在高水头压力情况下，大刀盘前方土压平衡不容易建立。河水常从扰动土体的裂缝中经大刀盘开口及盾尾进入盾构机，造成盾构淹水。这种机损人亡事故时有发生。 2.2隧道上浮 水域下浅覆土中推进的盾构，上下受到的力不均衡，盾构姿态上扬，压坡困难、隧道上浮，轴
3、线难以控制。拼装完成的隧道环脱开盾尾后，由于上部压载及自重无法抵抗地下水引起的浮力使隧道上浮。如果不采取相应加固对策，极易引起隧道局部开裂、漏水。 隧道穿越饱和土层，会受到水的浮力，当浮力超过隧道上覆土重量和隧道及隧道内设备自重时，隧道将上浮。当管片脱离盾尾时，隧道被包围在壁后注浆的浆液中，受到浆液的浮力比在饱和土中受到的浮力要大得多。同时，盾构推进挖出土方导致地基卸载，拼装好的隧道会受到地基回弹的作用向上偏离中心轴线。在浮力和地基回弹共同作用下，隧道上覆土产生隆起，若最大隆起值得不到有效控制，覆土层将被顶裂，产生透水裂缝，河水沿透水裂缝涌入盾尾将严重影响隧道和隧道施工的安全。 3广州地铁三号
4、线沥大区间盾构浅覆土区域施工难点 广州地三号线沥滘大石北盾构区间工程，共分为2个区间段构成：大石北始发井厦滘站、区间隧道长1429.791m；厦滘站沥滘站，区间隧道长1621.75m.共有2次过江。 其中，隧道在YCK13780YCK14098处过三枝香水道，水道河面宽度约为300m.隧道包括左、右线各一条，采用2台泥水加压平衡盾构机施工，先施工隧道右线，盾构机由三枝香水道南岸往北岸方向推进，当右线盾构推过江后，隧道左线由三枝香水道南岸往北岸方向推进施工。 隧道在过三枝香水道的断面内存在着强风化岩、中风化和微风化等粉砂质泥岩的复合地层，拱顶以上主要为淤泥、淤泥质细砂和粘土。过江段隧道总长约为3
5、12m，存在风化夹层，强度较高，岩体较为破碎，地表水与砂层及基岩裂隙水联系较为密切，且隧道上方存在软弱地层，对盾构破岩能力及防冒浆的能力要求较高。盾构机穿越三枝香水道，隧道洞身围岩水文地质条件受其影响较大。三枝香水道的水位主要受北江洪水和潮汐的影响，而且两个相邻的高潮或低潮的潮位和潮流历时均不相等，一般历年最高潮位多出现在汛期，最低潮位则出现在枯期，涨潮历时短，落潮历时长，高潮平均水位为5.85m，低潮平均水位为4.33m. 隧道过三枝香水道是在YCK13780YCK14098处，河面宽约312m隧道洞身岩层全部为岩石全微风化带，地质均匀，地下水亦较为丰富，且过江段覆土厚度较薄，土层软弱，江中
6、水压较高，故盾构掘进时风险较大。 三枝香过江段地质条件复杂多变、风险极大，过江段覆土厚度较薄（仅为7.4m），江底780环到840环覆土厚度一般都在67m的范围内，即使是最厚处也仅有8.6m，略大于1倍盾构直径，地质条件极差，上部为透水性差的砂质土；840环附近风险最大，隧道顶部全部为稳定性极差的淤泥层，容易塌方，盾构机容易抬头，稍有不慎，将导致喷涌，江底塌方、江水灌入隧道等重大安全事故，后果不堪设想。而且受潮汐等影响，隧道稳定难度大。过江段是关键地段，直接影响到盾构施工的成败，为了保证盾构机顺利穿越难度极大的三枝香水道，在整个施工过程中必须运用信息化施工，控制隧道变形，并对盾构掘进中的各类施
7、工参数进行动态管理。 为确保过江成功，避免重大事故的发生，地铁总公司多次组织国内外著名地铁盾构施工方面的专家对盾构过江专项方案的安全性进行审查、论证、分析和研究。经过与会专家科学、严肃、认真地论证，提出了“护头保尾”、“过江监测”、“作业预案”、“管片不浮监测”等有针对性的意见。 施工单位在过江前对盾构机进行了检修保养并更换了刀具，避免了江底换刀的风险。在施工过程中，采用感应器法和声纳法的监测技术，保护了河道的安全。此外，还结合实际制定了过江应急预案，确保万无一失。 52（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in th
8、e party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each o
9、ther, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party
10、 members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of l
11、aws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Centra
12、l Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus
13、, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision
14、 of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice.
15、(a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not b
16、een able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is b
17、anned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. i
18、s in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the prac
19、tice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of miscond
20、uct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party
21、discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regu
22、lations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from
23、 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principl
24、e, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views o
25、f experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities)
26、Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of
27、opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of
28、 the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spi
29、rit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as
30、a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitutio
31、n. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee,
32、 Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to fo
33、llow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party
34、 of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the maj
35、ority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results tran
36、sformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members an
37、d cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and othe
38、r requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations g
39、overning the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected
40、 at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the n
41、egative list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership
42、 of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party memb
43、ers and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National Peoples solemn commitment. criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the , a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, s
44、pecification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as four must eight code. Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sent
45、iments, such as four must the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the partys advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the part
46、y members how to correctly treat and deal with the public and private, cheap and rot thrifty and extravagance bitter music, put forward the four norms. Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the vital few, around the clean politi
47、cs, from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the four norms norm norm. The Party members self-discipline norms and party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, a total of eight, collectively referred to as the eight. Four must and eight of t