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1、 国际工程承包中的成本控制承包商在实施国际承包工程中，为了实现成本目标，获取利润，必须对成本进行控制。所谓成本控制，就是在施工过程中对所消耗的各种资源和开支，进行控制和调整，及时纠正发生的偏差，使各项费用控制在计划范围内，以保证成本目标的实现。当然，前面说的获取预计利润，其前提是必须要有一个好的中标标价，这是制定利润目标的基础。对于那种恶性竞争的赔本标价，是谈不上获取什么利润的，这时候的问题变成如何把成本控制在预定的目标上，使亏损降低到预计的范围以内。因此，不管是为了赚钱也好，是为了把亏损降低到预计范围也好，控制成本，实现成本目标，都是极为重要的。一般说来，一个建立起较完善的管理体系的承包商，
2、其成本控制工作就做得好些。反之，管理薄弱，成本控制工作就做得差，甚至谈不上有成本控制。在国外的工程项目上要做好周密细致的成本控制工作确实是不容易的。这是因为为了降低中方人员费用和受项目所在国办理工作准证的约束，我们不可能派遣过多的中方人员参与项目的管理和施工，因此国内工程项目成本控制的一整套做法不可能照搬到国外的工程项目上。正是基于这个原因，本文只是参照国内的一些做法，结合国外工程项目的特点，特别是中方人员少的特点，谈些成本控制的看法。影响成本的主要因素对国际承包工程来说，成本的高低是受多种因素影响的。但最直接最主要的因素有如下几个方面：1、材料的价格和消耗。这直接关系到材料费的成本，这里说的
3、材料包括永久性工程设备。降低材料费成本的关键，一是把好采购关，二是节约用料，防止浪费。在材料采购上要注意以下4点：第一，要多向几家供货商询价，防止买进价高产品。订货工作要透明，防止有人暗中吃回扣。凡是有吃回扣的，所订的货物，往往不是价高就是质次。第二，如果合同规定是免税的，在购买材料时一定要办理免税手续，哪怕是量少的材料，也要办，不要怕麻烦。第三，如果材料需要进口而且量大，项目组要直接从国外供应商那里订货，不要经过工程所在国的中间商转手，这样可以节省相当多的费用。第四，上述进口材料，到港后要及时提货，防止发生滞港费。材料的内陆运输商也要选择，选择运费低、运输快、运输安全的运输商。2、用工的数量
4、。这涉及到人工费成本。我们在国外施工，其劳工主要是在当地雇用，在雇用当地人的时候，我们往往对工资的高低很重视，一般给的是较低的工资，但在用工数量上却不注意控制，造成劳动效率低下。为了提高劳动效率，能包工的尽量包工，能按计件、计量发工资的尽量按计件、计量发。3、施工机械完好率和施工机械工作效率。施工机械的完好率和施工机械的工作效率直接关系到机械费的高低。这里说的施工机械完好率主要是说要防止施工机械的非正常损坏。使用不当，野蛮操作，或者忽视日常保养，这些原因造成施工机械的非正常损坏，都会大幅度地增加维修费用。至于施工机械工作效率低，光运行，不出活，不但要消耗燃油，而且为弥补效率低下造成的误工需要投
5、入更多的施工机械，同样也要增加成本。4、进度与工期。由于施工准备不足，如设备不能按时进场，或者项目组的队伍素质差，或者是由于我方的其他原因，造成工程延误。为了把延误的工期赶回来，或者要增加设备，或者要更换人员，这些必然导致成本费用的增加。至于延误总工期，即使不罚款，也要增加管理费用和其他开支（当然，由于增加工程而延长总工期是正常的）。如遇到延误工期罚款，则损失将更大。5、施工质量。由于施工不注意质量，造成返工，必然增加各种资源的消耗，甚至会影响工程进度。返工越多，返工越大，损失也就越大。这就是通常说的质量成本。6、施工组织。如果施工组织或者施工安排不合理，会造成人工、机械和其他资源的浪费。上述
6、6个因素中，有些对成本的影响不是那么直观，比如施工机械的工作效率、施工的质量、施工的组织，因此往往被忽视，但是它们一旦发生问题，其造成的损失一定会转化成各种费用进入成本，并且可能最终影响着成本目标的实现。成本控制的基础成本控制的责任主要落在实施工程的项目组身上。但是，承包商的地区经理部和总部对工程指导、配合、监督的好坏，也影响着项目组对成本控制的好坏，甚至直接影响着项目成本本身。作为项目组来说，控制成本的前提是必须要确立相应的基础。没有这基础，是无法做好成本控制工作的。这些基础是：1、确立成本控制的对象工程项目总的成本计划（预算成本）确定之后，必须把总成本计划落实到每一个工程单元上，并对每一工
7、程单元的具体成本加以控制。只要每一工程单元的具体成本控制在计划之内，那么工程项目总的成本计划，即成本目标就可以得以实现。这就要求合理地选择或划分成本控制的工程单元。被选择或划分的工程单元，就是成本控制的对象。这种作为成本控制对象的工程单元，可以是一个分部工程，也可以是一个分项工程；可以是一个工序，也可以是一段工程。但不论如何选择或划分，其基本原则是：所确定的控制对象，它应该是在设计、计划、验收和结算上可以独立的。外国企业通常的做法是把工程进行工作结构分解（Work Breakdown Structure缩写为WBS），把整个工程项目分解为几个层次，其最底层的称为工作包（Work Package
8、），而工作包就作为成本控制的对象。这里，为方便起见，我们不妨把确定的控制对象仍称为工程单元。只要作为成本控制对象的工程单元确定，并且这些工程单元的计划施工时间也已确定，那么工程单元施工活动所需资源（人工、材料、施工机械设备等）相对就比较确定，其成本也就能预算确定，并作为控制的依据。2、建立成本控制体系所谓成本控制体系就是在成本控制中，有相关的工作程序、工作依据和确立实施成本控制的部门和人员的责任。没有这个控制体系，成本控制会处于混乱无序状况，工程单元成本的核算也将是不准确的。就程序和各部门的责任来说，首先是工程单元成本计划的制定，它应由工程部门的人员来完成。制定工程单元成本计划，既要明确各种资
9、源的消耗定额和施工机械配置，也要明确完成的时间，而工程单元完成的时间必须符合工程项目总进度计划的要求。必要时还要提出质量要求。工程部门还要负责对工程单元工程的检查和验收。考虑到工程部门的其他工作任务，所以工程部门配备适当数量的称职人员是必要的。 材料部门要保证工程施工所需的各种材料（包括永久性工程的设备）的及时供应并且质量符合要求，同时要做好材料发放记录，特别是要记录发到哪个工程单元上了。机械部门既要调拨工程单元施工所需机械，还要做好所使用的施工机械台班记录和燃油消耗记录。施工队负责工程单1元的施工，它是落实成本计划的主要责任者。施工队要在计划成本之内消耗各种资源，在正常情况下不得突破成本计划
10、，并且要保证工程单元的工期和质量。如果在一个时段内一个施工队可能同时施工几个工程单元，而这几个工程单元可能共用一些材料、人工、机械和周转材料，因此施工队对这些消耗在不同工程单元上的资源要进行记录；如不能做明细记录的，要进行合理分摊。财务部门负责人工费的记录，并且对工程单元进行成本核算。这里要强调，各个部门准确地记录好各项成本要素是极为关键、重要的，它是保证实际成本准确的基础。3、建立成本控制的监督和奖惩制度成本控制一定要着眼于成本开支之前和开支过程。因为当发现成本超支时，损失已经造成，很难甚至无法挽回。因此，为保障成本控制的实现，还必须要有相应的监督和奖惩制度。对于施工队的奖惩，不但要看成本计
11、划是否实现，而且要看各种消耗是否合理、工期是否超出、施工质量是否出现问题。对于上述方面，要根据奖惩办法的规定，综合考评，予以奖惩，并且要兑现。同样，对于材料、机械等部门在成本控制上应负责任的考评和奖惩也要兑现。成本控制的主要环节1、工程部门制定工程单元的成本计划由于工程单元成本计划是下达给施工队的，而施工队无法控制间接费的开支，所以这个成本计划可以是直接费成本计划。在计划中除了要明确前面说的各种资源的消耗定额、施工机械配置、完成的时间和质量要求之外，必要时还要明确施工方案和施工技术要求。同时，还要确定材料和机械部门等在配合施工队完成工程单元施工中的要求或责任。工程单元成本计划要以工作单的形式或
12、者施工任务书的形式下达给施工队和材料、机械部门等。2、施工队根据工作单或施工任务书的要求组织施工施工队在施工中要采取有力措施，既要保证把成本控制在计划之内，也要保证工期和质量。3、检查和验收工程部门要对施工进行检查，发现问题，不管是成本上的问题还是施工技术上的问题，要及时同施工队商议，研究出解决的措施。在工程单元完工之后，工程部门要进行验收并做记录。4、成本记录汇总在工程单元完成后，施工队和材料、机械部门等要按照各自的责任，将各种成本记录汇总，并按时送交财务部门。5、成本核算财务部门根据成本记录进行成本核算。在核算中要注意两个问题：一是间接费的分摊。虽然下达给施工队的成本计划只是直接成本计划，
13、但是只有在直接成本上加上间接成本，这个成本才是完整的、真实的，才能反映工程成本的实际面貌。间接费的分摊可以采取比例分摊法。二是对于那些无法分割的工程，在某一时段要核算已施工的成本而工程又没有完结，这时要做好本期内工程完成状况的度量，合理地估价已完工程的产值，避免在成本核算上大起大落。如果财务部门作起来有困难，工程部门要给予帮助。6、成本分析工程单元的成本核算出后，财务部门要同计划成本相比较并进行分析，找出节约费用或超支费用的原因，分清责任，采取措施，避免在下一个工程单元成本控制中再出现类似问题。成本分析要着重两个方面：一是分析机械的利用效率和材料的消耗，这属于物化劳动；二是分析劳动生产率，这是
14、活劳动。如果成本节约太多，在物化劳动和活劳动方面又无特殊原因，则说明成本计划没有优化。成本的分析情况，要通报给工程部门、施工队和其他有关部门。对成本中的重大问题，必要时，项目组负责人要召集有财务、工程和施工队等有关人员参加的会议，共同分析。7、落实奖惩依据成本控制的情况和奖惩规定，该奖的奖，该罚的罚，以调动施工队和有关部门人员的积极性和责任心。/Porganization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and stre
15、ngthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under
16、the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of mun
17、icipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team buildin
18、g activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good gro
19、up leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collec
20、tive conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work
21、of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Y
22、outh League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in part
23、y. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secre
24、tary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to
25、democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually form
26、ed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and s
27、ending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Devel
28、opment Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement m
29、enu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take deliver
30、y of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalizatio
31、n, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54
32、, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordan
33、ce with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under
34、 the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resour
35、ce development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the to
36、ur and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Gra
37、ssroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department o
38、f the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central
39、 Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full i
40、mplementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda
41、 and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and
42、 Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promo
43、te the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society
44、 with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of
45、establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on
46、 Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the back
47、bone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs,
48、to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementation of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the sig