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1、 导流隧洞进口堰前引渠水下爆破施工技术摘要：小湾水电站导流隧洞进口围堰堰外引渠水下爆破开挖采用了目前国内较为先进的孔内延时，孔外微差的爆破技术，整个爆破区分为多段起爆，从而达到高单耗，低单响药量的控制目的，将质点的最大振动速度控制在允许范围内，有效保证了围堰、围堰岩埂灌浆帷幕区及进水塔等建筑物的安全，为导流隧洞顺利导流提供了保证。本文对导流隧洞进口围堰堰外引渠水下爆破方案的有关参数和震动监测等进行描述。 关键词：导流隧洞 围堰堰外引渠 水下爆破 安全振动监测 Underwater Blasting Execution Technique of Guide Ditch ahead o
2、f Water Conveyance Tunnel Abstract: A new advanced blasting technique in China, delay in hole and sequence out hole blasting technique, was adopted in underwater blasting excavation of guide ditch ahead of water conveyance tunnel at Xiaowan Hydropower Station, thereby the controlling aim of high exp
3、losive rate and low single dynamite weight was achieved, the maximal particle vibration velocity was controlled in allowable range, guaranteed the safety of Cofferdam and rock dam and entrance water tower and so on, provided powerful guarantee for the successful guide water of the guide tunnel. The
4、paper described the relational parameters and vibration test of the underwater blasting of guide ditch ahead of water conveyance tunnel.Key words: Water Conveyance Tunnel, Guide Ditch ahead of Cofferdam, Underwater Blasting, Safe Vibration Test1 工程概况 小湾水电站位于云南省西部南涧县与凤庆县交界的澜沧江中游河段，系澜沧江中下游河流规划八个梯级水电站中
5、的第二级，小湾水电站导流隧洞进口围堰堰外引渠开挖参数为：1导流隧洞宽26.6m；2导流隧洞宽26.6m38.35m，中墩保留宽20.8m；引渠底板开挖高程为988m。导流隧洞堰外引渠开挖长度（水流方向）为2635m。2003年11月下旬实测流量为730m3/s，枯水期水位为1003.7m高程，围堰前期部分堰外引渠开挖至996998m高程，为提供F5沟出渣通道，将围堰外侧回填至1016m高程形成出渣道路，为减少钻孔难度及工程量，根据澜沧江水位将堰外堆渣体平台高程降至1004m高程，再进行水下爆破钻孔施工。但回填石渣深度仍有315m左右。导流隧洞进口1#堰外引渠115mm预裂孔57个，爆破孔245
6、个，设计孔深17.6m；2#堰外引渠115mm预裂孔35个，爆破孔288个，设计孔深17.6m。设计总钻孔深度为11000米，其中回填土中钻孔深度约为5375米，水下岩石钻孔深度约为5625米。从2004年1月21日至2004年2月14日进行导流隧洞进口围堰堰外引渠预裂孔钻孔及爆破施工；2004年2月15日至2004年3月23日进行导流隧洞进口围堰堰外引渠主爆区钻孔及爆破施工，施工强度达到268m/天。2 爆破方案选择因进口堰外引渠爆破开挖纵深较长，达到2635m，一次起爆药量较大，为保证围堰、预留岩埂及进水塔建筑物的安全，考虑了两种方案：方案概述优点1缺点每条洞堰外引渠爆破区分两区爆破1、有
7、效减少一次起爆药量；2、爆破网络连接相对简单；3、可提供后区爆破有效及准确的临空面；4、对周围建筑物安全影响较小。1、前区爆破对后区爆破孔破坏防护困难，有可能造成后区爆破区前几排爆破孔无法装药；2、施工工期长，很难保证在枯水期施工完成，对导流隧洞分流影响巨大。每条洞堰外引渠爆破区一次爆破1、不存在前后区爆破影响问题；2、爆破孔网参数相对一致、简单，钻孔易于控制；3、可通过爆破网络连接、起爆顺序及后冲方向减少对周围建筑物安全影响；4、施工工期相对较短，满足施工工期要求，为导流隧洞分流提供有效保证。1、一次起爆药量较大；2、爆破网络连接复杂，网络防护困难；3、需通过造孔记录推断爆破临空面位置；4、
8、对周围建筑物安全影响较大。 根据综合考虑，最后确定每条洞堰外引渠爆破区一次爆破，既能保证工期，又能通过爆破网络减少对周围建筑物安全影响，满足工程需要。 3 预裂爆破震动前期监测预裂孔施工采用英格索兰MZ-200及阿特拉斯PC460、HF460三台多功能钻机进行炮孔钻孔施工，人工装药爆破。根据测量放出的炮孔位置固定好地质钻机，调整钻机钻杆角度，使其满足设计要求。在回填石渣内钻孔时为防止塌孔，钻机需跟管钻进，钻孔结束后，通过钢管套管往孔内插入一根硬质PVC塑料管，将硬质
9、塑料管引出施工平台以上30cm左右，管口采用彩条布包裹，防止石渣及杂物进入管内，引起炮孔堵塞，拔出钢管套管。PVC塑料管接口部位采用硬质接头，以防止相邻孔钻进时石渣挤压引起接口错位，影响爆破装药。炸药通过PVC塑料管进行装填，按设计爆破参数要求将炸药绑在竹条上，使药包能放置在炮孔底部。预裂孔布孔及装药参数如下：孔径115mm，孔距80cm，所有炮孔均超深1.5m；预裂孔装32mm药卷，线装药密度为0.364kg/m。1#堰外引渠115mm预裂孔57个，设计孔深17.6m；2#堰外引渠115mm预裂孔35个，设计孔深17.6m。进口围堰外引渠开挖后，围堰仍需渡过一个汛期，因此，为保证围堰及预留岩
10、埂安全渡汛，堰外预留8.0米岩埂区不清除（与围堰同时拆除），沿预留开挖线打预裂孔，预裂孔坡向江心取1：0.1角度，用以有效减少爆破质点震动对预留岩埂及防渗区的破坏，进而保证岩埂的完整性和防渗性，同时进行爆破震动安全监测，通过监测数据利用爆破振动一元回归公式可求得岩石爆破水平径向、垂直向、水平切向的K值及值，用于堰外引渠主爆区及围堰拆除时单响药量控制计算。为缩短工期和减少预裂孔爆破对爆破孔影响，进口堰外先进行1# 引渠预裂孔施工，在1# 引渠预裂孔装药爆破同时进行2# 引渠预裂孔钻孔施工两次预裂爆破观测测点布置图见下图：1) 1# 引渠预裂孔测点布置图其中710# 测点为预埋测点，测2个方向；其
11、它均测3个方向2) 2# 引渠预裂孔测点布置图其中5# 测点为预埋测点，测2个方向。其它测3个方向。通过监测数据显示1# 引渠爆破振动沿水平距离衰减趋势：水平径向10.5 cm/s（堰后底，20m）1.2 cm/s（中墩底，36m）；垂直向6.1 cm/s 1.9 cm/s；水平切向8.6 cm/s 2.3 cm/s；2# 引渠爆破振动沿水平距离衰减趋势：水平径向14cm/s（灌浆区地表，距离8.3m）2.2cm/s（中墩底，距离33m）；垂直向7.48cm/s3.15cm/s；水平切向8.56cm/s2.32cm/s。根据以上数据进行的爆破振动一元回归公式：水平径向（拟用于围堰振动控制）K=
12、54.9，=1.47、垂直向（拟用于中墩振动控制）K=15.6，=0.78、水平切向（拟用于中墩振动控制）K=18.7，=0.87。 4 主爆破爆破技术4.1爆破区钻孔及装药主爆破区钻孔及装药方法与预裂爆破方法相同，为减小一次起爆药量，尽量减少爆破对预留岩体的破坏，采用孔内延时，孔外微差爆破网络，爆破自江边向围堰方向，一次钻爆到设计高程，采用乳化炸药、防水导爆索等防水爆破材料，且每个炮孔装四发MS15段雷管，确保一次爆破成功。为使回填石渣内大块孤石亦得到解炮，爆破孔装药需做调整，在完整岩石炮孔内连续装80mm药卷，回填石渣炮孔内连续装50mm药卷，两种炸药间采用中砂堵塞80cm，以保证岩石内炸
13、药暴力完全作用于岩石，为解决爆破孔内两种炸药不能同时起爆，致使后爆炸药被先爆炸药压实，产生拒爆现象，在爆破孔内两种炸药装药区段绑扎一根导爆索，将爆破孔内两部分炸药联为一体。4.2爆破区爆破孔网参数根据以往工程经验及预裂爆破震动监测数据进行的爆破振动一元回归公式得出的岩石参数，爆破布孔参数如下：爆破孔孔径115mm，孔距180cm，排距180cm，所有炮孔均超深1.5m。1#堰外引渠115mm预裂孔57个，爆破孔245个，设计孔深17.6m；2#堰外引渠115mm预裂孔35个，爆破孔288个，设计孔深17.6m。设计总钻孔深度为11000米，其中回填土中钻孔深度约为5375米，水下岩石钻孔深度约
14、为5625米，当最外一排炮孔位置岩石面距底板开挖988m高程大于11.5m时，炮孔仍需向江心方向继续延伸，直至岩石面距底板开挖面985m高程在11.5m时不再增设下一排相对应的炮孔。爆破网络采用孔内外微差毫秒延期复式爆破网络，为使爆破一次成功，加大起爆网络可靠性，孔外爆破网络雷管均采用双雷管，爆破孔内布置四发MS15段非电起爆雷管，以保证完全起爆。为防止孔外起爆网络雷管爆炸时飞起的石子打断起爆网络，在雷管外部用硬质塑料管包裹，尽量减少石子飞起几率。爆破装药参数：爆破孔岩石部位连续装80mm药卷，爆破单耗为1.76kg/m3，堆渣体部位连续装50mm药卷，爆破单耗为0.67kg/m3，单孔装药量
15、为1294kg，根据预裂爆破震动质点数据采用一元回归公式反推可求得岩石爆破水平径向、垂直向、水平切向的K值及值，通过计算确定最大单响药量控制在100kg以内时，周围建筑物的爆破振动质点速度满足规范要求。为尽量将预留岩埂及围堰处的爆破质点震动速度控制在允许范围内，距预留岩埂及围堰15m范围内的爆破孔均采用一孔一响，其余爆破孔为两孔一响。本次爆破单响最大药量控制在100kg以内，1#引渠爆破装药量约为11401kg，2#引渠爆破装药量约为18610kg。2堰外引渠一次爆破纵深较深，且一次起爆药量较大，为尽量减少爆破对围堰及预留岩埂防渗帷幕灌浆区破坏，将爆破反冲方向调整为冲向上游侧山体上。爆破网络见
16、下图： 4.3主爆区爆破振动监测主爆区爆破时需要监测的重点建（构）筑物包括：围堰堰体、围堰防渗体、进水塔中墩边墩。监测目的：监测爆破在需要保护的建（构）筑物基础或“身体”产生的质点振动速度，作为评估爆破对其产生影响程度的依据；同时，获得爆破振动沿导流洞中心线方向的传播规律，为后期的围堰拆除积累资料。为了达到以上目的，在1#和2围堰堰体防渗体各布置2个内部测点，监测爆破在防渗体内部产生的质点振动速度；在1导流洞进水塔中墩的基础和顶部
17、各布置1个测点；在2导流洞围堰内侧基础部位布置1个测点；在2导流洞进水塔中墩基础部位布置一个测点；沿2导流洞中心线方向在地板布置2个测点。同时设置摄录机对整个爆破过程进行全程录像，作为爆破效果分析一项参考资料。 1)测点布置见下图：其中7#10#测点为预埋测点，测2个方向；其它均测3个方向。2）爆破振动监测成果导流洞引水渠开挖爆破振动监测数据部位测点编号高程仪器编号水平距离（m）水平径向垂直向水平切向峰值速度（cm/s）峰值频率(Hz)峰值速度（cm/s）峰值频率(Hz)峰值速度（cm/s）峰值频率(Hz)2#洞堰后1EL.1105BE877819.51539.4278211.730
18、.1中墩底2EL.995BE7483302.48683.76593.0776中墩底3EL.995BE8776462.271143.42822.9662中墩底organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work o
19、f the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ra
20、tio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League
21、 cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfil
22、l the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant commi
23、ttee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Stan
24、ding Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the im
25、plementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused
26、on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and ru
27、ral construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under
28、the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development o
29、f Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise.
30、 To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western regi
31、on and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main posi
32、tion to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the con
33、tent and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres trai
34、ning efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of
35、54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young tal
36、ent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the
37、 establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database th
38、e relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthe
39、n the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group se
40、rvice award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the
41、 network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideologica
42、l work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural w
43、ork conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from fac
44、ts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the
45、 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideolo
46、gical and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important
47、thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new