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1、Part2 考点8,Part2 语法专题,考点8 非谓语动词,对非谓语动词的考查在湖南高考中主要出现在单项填空部分。 1.主要考查的知识点： (1)非谓语动词的基本用法及句法功能；不同的非谓语动词的用法区别。 (2)非谓语动词在一些特定的结构，如with复合结构等的用法。,复习重点： (1)分词、不定式作定语、状语、补语的用法 (2)动名词作主语、宾语的用法 (3)现在分词、过去分词、动名词及不定式的用法区别 2.如何应对非谓语动词的考查 解题时，首先认真分析题干句的句子结构，结合4个选项，比较每个选项的非谓语动词或短语的意义及用法区别，再判断该选用哪一个。,(2010湖南)So far no
2、body has claimed the money _ in the library. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered 思路点拨：选项所提供的为非谓语动词的不同形式，分析题干句可知空格处应为money的定语，money与discover有被动关系，故该处应用表被动的过去分词；B项表示的是“将要被发现”的意思，根据句意“到目前为止还没有人来认领在图书馆被发现的钱”可判断选A项。,熟 读 深 思,1. 不定式和动名词作主语 (1)Smoking(抽烟) is prohibited(禁止)here
3、. (2)Having studied computer is an important qualification for the job. (3)Jacks_suddenly_disappearing(杰克的突然失踪) made them worried. (4)I found it impossible for him to do the job alone. (5)It is no use/good crying(哭).,归 纳 总 结,非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(ing)、现在分词(ing)与过去分词(ed)。 它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以
4、充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。所以，要正确使用非谓语形式，一定要充分理解不同形式所表现的意义，要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是“主动”还是“被动(或状态)”，所表示的动作是“过去”、“现在”还是“将来”，以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分。,归 纳 总 结,规则1：动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作， 而不定式作主语表示具体动作，如：(1)。 规则2：动名词和不定式的完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生，如：(2)。 规则3：动名词的独立主格结构：当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格，如：(3)。 规则4：不定式及动名词短语作主语时可转换成it作形
5、式主语，如：(4)、(5)。,熟 读 深 思,2. 不定式和动名词作宾语 (1)Do you mind my/me reading your paper? (2)I regretted _not_having_taken_(没有采取) her advice. (3)I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. (4)You would be well advised _to_stay_(stay) indoors. The teacher advised _taking_(take)
6、a different approach.,熟 读 深 思,(5)The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing/to be removed immediately. (6) Dont you remember seeing the man before? You must remember to leave tomorrow. (7) I should like to see him tomorrow. (8) There is no use crying over spilt milk. (9) He ha
7、d a good time in travelling abroad this summer vacation. (10) They cant lose time playing computer games as usual.,熟 读 深 思,(11)There is no telling what he is going to do. (12)Last night I did nothing but watch(watch) TV. The doctor told him nothing but to_stop(stop) smoking. (13)When I consider how
8、talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.,熟 读 深 思,(14)We dont want there to be any comrades lagging behind. (15)I dont mind there being(be) a chair here. (16)There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself. (17)John didnt pass his driving
9、 test, but I expected him to.,规则1：动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格，如：(1)。 规则2：作宾语的动名词和不定式，完成式表示该动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，如：(2)。,归 纳 总 结,规则3：介词以及少数动词和词组后只能用动名词作宾语，如：admit, dislike, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, bear(忍受), envy, cant help(不禁), delay, escape, cant stand(受不了), deny, excuse(借口), consider(考
10、虑), fancy, mind, miss(错过), mention, finish, pardon, resist, forgive, imagine, risk, practice, suggest(建议), keep, quit, put off, give up, feel like, be worth, set about, burst out, be/get/become used to(习惯于), look forward to, pay attention to, devoteto, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to, con
11、tribute to, get down to, be equal to(能胜任), turn to(求助于)等，如：(3)。,归 纳 总 结,规则4：动词advise / allow / permit / forbid后既可跟doing sth.作宾语，又可跟to do(不定式作宾补)，如：(4)。 规则5：need, require, want, deserve doing 动名词的主动形式表被动意义，相当于to be done，如：(5)。 规则6：有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别，如：(6)。常用的还有： (1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做) forg
12、et doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生) (2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事,归 纳 总 结,(3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做) remember doing记得做过某事(已做) (4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾(后常跟动词say, tell, inform等) regret doing对做过的事后悔 (5)try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 (6) mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味着 (7)go on to
13、 do 继而(去做另外一件事情) go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情),归 纳 总 结,(8)propose to do 打算(要做某事) proposing doing建议(做某事) (9) like /love/hate/ prefer to do 表示具体行为； doing sth.表示抽象、倾向概念。 【注意】 如果like/love/hate/prefer这几个动词前有should/would，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词，如：(7)。,归 纳 总 结,规则7：常见的带不定式作宾语的动词(口诀助记)如下： 想要干 want, wish, hope, expect,
14、seek, attempt, aim, claim，would like/love, desire, swear 早打算 plan, prepare, mean, arrange 同意否 agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford 问问看 ask(ask to do 要求做), beg 决定了 decide, determine, make up ones mind, be determined,归 纳 总 结,尽力干 try, manage(反义词fail), struggle, strive, attempt 不愿意 c
15、are 别装蒜 pretend 【注意】口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式，几乎都有将来意味。 规则8：固定句型 (1)There is no good/point/sense/harmdoing sth. 做某事没用(不好/没意义/没有害处)，如：(8)。 (2)have difficulty /trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun (in)doing，如：(9)。,归 纳 总 结,(3)spend/waste/lose time(in) doing sth.，如：(10)。 (4)There is no doing sth. (there is n
16、o 表“不可能”)，如：(11)。 (5)come/become/grow/gettolike/love/realize /understand /know等表示心理活动的过程，意为“渐渐地喜欢上/意识到/懂了/知道了”。 (6)do/did/does nothing/anything/everything but (except) 动词原形；如果谓语动词不是do/did/does, but (except)所跟的不定式须带to，如：(12)。,归 纳 总 结,(7)can not (help/choose) but do, can do nothing but do, have no cho
17、ice/alternative to do表示“不得不”，如：(13)。 (8)“Why not 动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，意为：“为什么不？”，“干嘛不？” (9)“would rather/had better(not)动词原形”意为“宁愿/最好(不)做某事”。,归 纳 总 结,(10)there be的非谓语形式 作动词expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate宾语时，通常用there to be结构，在mind, object to等后面用there being，如：(14)、(15)。 作状语多用there being结构，如：(16)。 (
18、11)为避免重复，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的to，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been时，要保留这些词，如：(17)。,归 纳 总 结,熟 读 深 思,3. 不定式、动名词和分词作表语 (1) What I would suggest is t
19、o start work at once. (2) His hobby is collecting stamps. (3) Travelling is interesting but tiring. (4) The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. (5) What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour.,归 纳 总 结,规则1：不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为，如：(
20、1)、(2)。 规则2：表心理状态的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等形容词转为分词作表语时，表示客观“ 令人的 ”；interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示主观“ 感到 ”，如：(3)、(4)。,归 纳 总 结,规则3：get, become,
21、look, seem, appear, remain等系动词后都可跟done，表示被动或主语的状态。如remain seated/hidden，get paid/dressed/changed /stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等，如：(5)。 常用be done介词短语表示所处的状态，如下： be addicted to沉迷于 be absorbed in全神贯注于 be aimed at旨在/意图 be armed with有装备 be buried in埋葬在,归 纳 总 结,be based on/upon以 为基础 be born出生于 be burdened wit
22、h担负着 be crowded with挤满了 be covered with/by覆盖着 be coated with涂抹了 be combined with与联合 be compared with与相比较 be caught in陷入 be lost in沉迷于 be concerned about关心 be dressed in穿着,归 纳 总 结,be devoted to专心致志于 be divided into分成(几份/几组) be designed/meant/intended for专为而设计 be engaged in忙于 be engaged to sb.与订婚 be f
23、ixed on专注于 be faced with面临着 be filled with装满了 be greeted with受到了问候 be grown up 已经长大了 be hidden in躲在 be linked to与有关,归 纳 总 结,be connected with与相连/有关 be made of/from/up of 由制成/由组成 be known as/for/to以著称/因著名 be recovered from从中康复 be loaded with载有 be located in/on/at位于 be married(to sb.)与某人结婚了 be matched
24、 很般配 be mistaken 弄错了 be paved with铺着,归 纳 总 结,be replaced with更换为 be related to/with与有关 be separated from与隔开 be shouldered with肩负着 be stationed in驻扎在 be seated 坐着 be surrounded with/by四周环绕着 be supposed to do应该做,熟 读 深 思,4. 不定式、动名词和分词作定语 (1) The water polluted by the factory should be to blame. (2) Wed
25、 better find some work for the children to do. (3) He is the first one to_help(help) me with computer. (4) Your ability to analyze the problem really surprised us. (5) Do you have anything to send？(是主语you送) (6) Do you have anything to_be_sent(send)？(不是主语you送，是别人送),熟 读 深 思,(7)Barking dogs seldom bite
26、. (8)The plan to_be_made(make) is of vital importance. (9)The building being constructed will be used as a library.(现在正在进行的被动) (10)The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted.(过去的被动) (11)The teacher is satisfied with our satisfying performance in class, which can be seen from her satisfied expr
27、ession on her face.,归 纳 总 结,规则1：单个非谓语动词作定语一般在名词前，如：(7)；但修饰不定代词时在代词后，如：(5)、(6)；非谓语动词短语作定语一般要跟在名词后，如：(1)。 规则2：不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别：,归 纳 总 结,名词,to do sth. 表示：与被修饰的名词有：动宾关系，如：(2)；名词前有序数词或最高级，如：(3)。主谓关系。不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词 to be done 表示将要被做，如：(8)。 done表示已经完成的或表被动的动作(having been done不可作定语)，如：(1)、(10)
28、。 being done 表示被修饰词正在做，如：(9)。 doing sth.表示：正在进行的动作经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态即将发生的动作,归 纳 总 结,【注意】 不及物动词构成的不定式作定语，要加上适当的介词且介词不能省。 规则3：一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态，意为“已经的”。 a fallen leaf落叶(已经落在地上)a falling leaf 飘零的落叶，尚在空中 a developed country 发达国家a developing country 发展中国家 a risen sun 升起的太阳a rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳,归 纳 总
29、 结,a returned student 归国学生 a retired worker 退休工人 an advanced worker 先进工作者 boiled water 开水boiling water 沸水 a bent branch 弯曲的树枝 determined opposition 强烈的反对 a devoted soldier 忠诚的士兵 a wellinformed professor 见多识广的教授,归 纳 总 结,【注意】 1. 有些表示“使”的动词，其ing形式，意为“令人的”，表示事物的性质、特征，强调给他人的印象；其ed形式，意为“感到的”，表示人的心理、状态，强调主
30、语内心的感受，也可修饰look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名词。如：(11)。 2. 不宜用现在分词短语作定语的情况： (1)The man who came this morning is our legal adviser. () The man coming this morning is our legal adviser. ()不能用doing表达过去动作,归 纳 总 结,(2)Is there anyone who can answer this question? () Is there anyone answering this ques
31、tion? () 用answering表达can answer的意思是错的 (3)Those who have finished their work can go home now. () Those having finished their work can go home now. (),归 纳 总 结,完成式不能作定语 3. drink, learn, sink, light都有两种形式的过去分词，但作定语时，只能用拼写较长的过去分词。 a drunken driver 喝醉酒的司机；a learned lawyer 博学的律师；a sunken ship 沉船；a lighted
32、candle 点着的蜡烛,熟 读 深 思,5. 不定式和分词作状语 (1) He made a long speech, only to_show(show) his ignorance of the subject. (2) Being_watched(watch) by the audience, the young speaker felt very nervous. (3) Encouraged(encourage) by these successes, they decided to expand the business. (4) When leaving the airport
33、, they waved again and again to us. (5) Not_having_received(not receive) an answer, he decided to write another letter to them.,熟 读 深 思,(6) Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. (7) He worked deep into the night, preparing(prepare) a speech for the president. (8) I got up v
34、ery early this morning to prepare breakfast for my family. (9) She is so kind as to help me.She is so kind that she helps me. (10) She is such a kind girl as to help me.She is such a kind girl that she helps me.,熟 读 深 思,(11) Im only too pleased to help you. (12) One is never too old to learn. (13) S
35、eating himself/Seated (Sitting) in the room, he is absorbed in reading. (14) It being Sunday, we neednt go to school. Because it is Sunday, we neednt go to school. (15) All the work done, you can have a rest. If all the work is done, you can have a rest. (16) While waiting there, he saw two pretty g
36、irls come out of the building.,归 纳 总 结,规则1：不定式和分词作状语，有一般式和完成式，也有主动和被动。完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生。当前后主语一致时，可以按照下列形式选择使用：,归 纳 总 结,(not), to do表示目的或结果(to do in order to do / so as to do 其中so as to do不能放在句首)only to do表 示意想不到的结果。如：(1)。,to do,doing sth.与谓语动词同时发生的动作(主动关 系)如：(4)。 being adj./n.常表示原因 being p.p.强调与谓语动
37、词同时发生的被动 动作(“因为正在被”)如：(2)。 done 已经发生的被动动作，如：(3)。,归 纳 总 结,(not),having done 先于谓语动词发生的动作(主动 关系)如：(5)。 having been done先于谓语动词发生的动作 (被动关系)，如：(6)。,归 纳 总 结,规则2：不定式“to do sth.”作目的和结果状语时总是在谓语动词后发生，如：(8)。而分词一般式 “doing sth.”作状语时总是与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生，如：(7)。 规则3：so adj./ adv. as to do 或such(a/an) adj.n. as to do，可以转
38、化为sothat 或suchthat 引导的结果状语从句，如：(9)、(10)。,归 纳 总 结,【注意】 1. tooto do表示肯定的情况 当only too和 all too与动词不定式连用时，表示肯定意义。如：(11)。 too ready/apt/anxious/eager/glad/willing(表示心情或情绪)to do，其后的动词不定式具有肯定意义，这时too相当于very。 never (not) tooto句型为“不会太所以能”之意。如：(12)。,归 纳 总 结,2. devote, absorb, lose, seat, dress, hide等动词的非谓语形式作状
39、语和定语时，可以用它们的ed形式(devoted, absorbed, lost, seated, dressed, hidden)或ingoneself形式(devoting/ absorbing/ losing/ seating/ dressing /hiding oneself)。如：(13)。 3. 有些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为固定短语，当作插入语使用。此时，句子的主语与它们不存在逻辑上的一致关系，如：,归 纳 总 结, to tell you the truth实话说， needless to say不用说， to be honest/ frank老实说，坦白说， to be
40、 more exact更确切地说， to make things worse更糟的是，say that假设，not to mention更不用说 Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说，considering 鉴于/考虑到，judging by/from从来看，依据来判断，supposing /suppose that假定，providing that 假定，according to依据，including包括，owing to 由于，talking/speaking of谈及,归 纳 总 结, given考虑到， provide
41、d that如果 4独立主格结构：n./pron.doing/done/to do/adj./adv./prep.短语 前后主语不一致时，作状语的非谓语动词需有自己的逻辑主语，此时的“n./pron.doing/done/to do/adj./adv./prep.短语”，就是“独立主格结构”。如：(14)、(15)。,归 纳 总 结,独立主格结构的特点： 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 n/pron.与后面的doing/done/to do/adj./adv./prep.短语是主谓关系。 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 5. 连词分词(短语) 有时，为了使非谓语动词短
42、语与主句的逻辑关系更清楚，可在非谓语动词前加连词。连词有when，while，if，unless，though，after, before, as等。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须一致，如：(16)。,熟 读 深 思,6. 不定式和分词作宾语补足语 (1) My father permits me to_surf(surf) the Internet at the weekend. (2) The children were last seen playing(play) by the river. (3) She saw the old man cross the road. The old
43、man was seen to cross the road. (4) Finally I got my car running. (5) The teacher often gets us to recite texts. (6) Id like to get my car cleaned before the New Year.,熟 读 深 思,(7) I made my little brother cry. My little brother was made to cry. (8) I spoke clearly and slowly to make myself heard (he
44、ar) and understood. (9) The teacher often has us debate(debate) in class. (10) They had the lights burning(burn) while working. (11) Nancy will have her house painted.,熟 读 深 思,(12)I am going to the supermarket and have many things to buy. Do you have anything to be bought? (13)They went home, leavin
45、g much work unfinished (unfinish) (14) I have once seen the child caught stealing money. (15)I found the little boy lying(lie) under the tree when I passed by. (16)The teacher wanted the paper (to be) finished in an hour.,归 纳 总 结,究竟用何种形式充当宾补，取决于带复合宾语的动词的特征。,常作宾补的有,do sth.(用于let, make, have以及感官动词后) t
46、o do sth.(主动) / to be done(被动) doing sth. (主动，正在进行或持续进行) done (被动，状态或完成) being done(被动，正在进行),归 纳 总 结,规则1：带宾补的动词 like, hate, encourage, wish, warn, tell, want, desire, expect, get, permit, order, allow，invite, force, ask, cause, advise, request, prefer, beg, persuade, teach，lead等动词宾语to do sth.，宾语与to
47、do 为主动关系，如：(1)。,归 纳 总 结,【注意】 hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do ()hope sb. to do sth.应改为 wish / expect sb. to do sth. ()welcome sb. to do sth.应改为 sb. be welcome to do sth. ()agree sb. to do sth.应改为 allow/permit sb. to do sth. ()suggest sb. to do sth. 应改为 advise sb. to do sth./ suggest
48、 sb. (should) do sth. ()demand sb. to sth.应改为 require sb. to do/ demand sb.(should) do sth.,归 纳 总 结,规则2：感官动词带宾补的结构，如：(2)。 感官动词,see, observe， hear, notice, watch, feel， look at, listen to,宾语,do sth.(主动，全过程或经常性动作) doing(主动，正在进行) done(与宾语是被动关系),归 纳 总 结,【注意】 若感官动词在被动语态中，则to 要还原，如：(3)。 规则3：get/send 带宾补的结构。 get / send 宾语doing表示“使起来”，动作由静止到运动并持续下去，如：(4)。 get 宾语to dolet/have sb. do表示“让某人做某事”，如：(5)。 get 宾语donehave sth. done表示“使某事被做”，如：(6)。 send宾语to do表示“派某人去做某事”,归 纳 总 结,规则4：make带宾补的结构 使役动词make宾语do/do