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1、until the time of the late Qing Dynasty. There men did most of the important early work on dictionaries: Samuel Johnson, Noah Webster, and James Murray. These men spent nearly all of their lives trying to collect words for their dictionaries. For them, it wasnt only a job; it was a wonderful journey
2、 of discovery. The largest dictionary in the world is the Oxford English Dictionary, or OED for short. The idea for this dictionary came from an important meeting in Britain in 1857. Twenty-two years later, Oxford University asked James Murray to be the editor of its new dictionary. Murray had never
3、 been to college. At the age of fourteen, he left his village school in Scotland and taught himself while working in a bank. Later he became a great teacher. After Oxford gave him the job, Murray had a place built in the garden behind his house to do his work. Part of it was one meter underground. I
4、n winter it felt like a barn, he had to wear a heavy coat and put his feet in a box to keep warm. Every morning, Murray got out of bed at five oclock and worked several hours before breakfast. Often he would work by the candle light into the evening. Murray hoped to finish the new dictionary in ten
5、years. But after five years, he was still adding words for the letter A! then others went to work with Murray, including his two daughters. He worked on the dictionary until he was very old. Forty-four years later, in1928, other editors finished it. It included more than 15,000 pages in twelve books
6、. And you thought your dictionary was big!Unit 3JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONGPART 1 THE DREAM AND THE PLANMy name is Wang Kun. Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip. Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to bu
7、y one. Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college in Kunming. They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River, the Chinese part of the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries. Wang Wei soon got them interested in cycling too.
8、After graduating from college.we finally got the chance to take a bike trip. I asked my sister, Where are we going? It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends. Now she is planning our schedule for the trip. I am fond of my sis
9、ter but she has one serious shortcoming. She can be really stubborn. Although she didnt know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly. Now, I know that the proper way is always her way. I kept asking her, When are we leaving and when are we coming back? I a
10、sked her whether she had looked at a map yet. Of course, she hadnt; my sister doesnt care about details. So I told her that the source of the Mekong is in Qinghai Province. She gave me a determined lookthe kind that said she would not change her mind. When I told her that our journey would begin at
11、an altitude of more than 5,000 metres, she seemed to be excited about it. When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience. I know my sister well. Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it. Finally, I had to give in
12、. Several months before our trip,Wang Wei and I went to the library. We found a large atlas with good maps that showed details of world geography. From the atlas we could see that the Mekong River begins in a glacier on a Tibetan mountain. At first the river is small and the water is clear and cold.
13、 Then it begins to move quickly. It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys, travelling across western Yunnan Province. Sometimes the river becomes a waterfall and enters wide valleys. We were both surprised to learn that half of the river is in China. After it leaves China and the high alt
14、itude,the Mekong becomes wide，brown and warm. As it enters Southeast Asia, its pace slows. It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows. At last, the river delta enters the South China Sea.PART2 A NIGHT IN THE MOUNTAINSAlthough it was autumn,the snow was already
15、 beginning to fall in Tibet.Our legs were so heavy and cold that they felt like blocks of ice.Have you ever seen snowmen ride bicycles?Thats what we looked like! Along the way children dressed in long wool coats stopped to look at us.In the late afternoon we found it was so cold that our water bottl
16、es froze.However,the lakes shonelike glass in the setting sun and looked wonderful.Wangwei rode in front of me as usual.She is very reliable and I knew I didnt need to encourage her. To climb the mountains was hard work but as we looked around us, we were surprised by the view. We seemed to be able
17、to see for miles. At one point we were so high that we found ourselves cycling through clouds. Then we began going down the hills. It was great fun especially as it gradually became much warmer. In the valleys colourful butterflies flew around us and we saw many yaks and sheep eating green grass. At
18、 this point we had to change our caps, coats,gloves and trousers for T-shirts and shorts. In the early evening we always stop to make camp.We put up our tent and then we eat. After supper Wang Wei put her head down on her pillow and went to sleep but I stayed awake. At midnight the sky became cleare
19、r and the stars grew brighter. It was so quiet. There was almost no windonly the flames of our fire for company. As I lay beneath the stars I thought about how far we had already travelled. We will reach Dali in Yunnan Province soon, where our cousins Dao Wei and Yu Hang will join us. We can hardly
20、wait to see them!PART 6 THE END OF OUR JOUNEYCambodia was in many ways similar to Laos, although it has twice the population. At another inn, we talked with a teacher who told us that half of the people in her country couldnt read or write. Her village couldnt even afford to build a school, so she h
21、ad to teach outside under a large tent. When we said goodbye, we all felt very lucky to have studied in college.Back on the road, we passed between many hills and forests. Then we came to the plains and entered Phnom Penh,the capital of Cambodia. In many ways it looked like Vientiane and Ho Chi Minh
22、 City; it also had wide streets with trees in rows and old French houses.Unlike Vientiane, ships could travel the Mekong River here.In the center of the city we visited the palace and a beautiful white elephant. It can only be seen outside the palace on special days. We ate an early supper and went
23、to see a great temple with floors made of sliver.The next morning our group slept late. We were very tired from the long bike ride the day before. Cycling in the hills had been diffcuilt.Now our couins had the chance to make jokes about Wangwei and me. Perhaps,they said,they were the strong ones!We
24、had lunch at a nice outdoor cafe,then rode out of the city.Two days later we crossed the border into Vietnam. We began to see many more people,but I wasnt surprised .I read in an atlas before our trip that Vietnam has almost seven times the population of Cambodia. We met a farmer who gave us directi
25、ons and told us that he grows a new rice crop four times every year so he can feed more people.He also told us that the northern part of his country has many mountains and it is much cooler than here in the south,where it is flat.Although the flat delta made it easier for us to cycle.we got warm ver
26、y quickly.So we drank lots of water and ate lots of bananas.Soon the delta separated into nine smaller rivers.Two days later,after we had passed thousands of rice fields,we came to the sea. We were tired but also in high spirits:our dream to cycle along the Mekong River had finally come true.Unit 4A
27、 NIGHT THE EARTH DIDT SLEEP Strange things were happening in the countriside of northest HeBei.For there days the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell.Farmers noticed that the well walls had deep cracks in them. A smelly gas came out of the cracks. In the farmeryards,the chickens
28、and even the pigs were too nervous to eat.mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide.fish jumped out of their bowls and ponds.At about 3:00am on July 28,1976,some people saw bright lights in the sky.The sound of the planes could be heard outside the city,who thought little of these events
29、,were asleep as usual that night. At3:42 am everything began to shake.It seemed as if the world was at an end!Eleven kilometres directly below the city the greast earthquake of 20th century had begun. It was felt in Beijing,which is more thantwo hundred kilometresHDPE双壁波纹管生产线项目可行性研究报告一、概 述我国塑料管产业正面临
30、快速发展的历史机遇， 进入21世纪我国塑料管产业进入了一个快速增长的时期，目前全国塑料管产业的基础已经建立，市场的需求明显呈飞跃式发展，技术的进步及塑料管所涉及领域在逐步扩大，从20世纪90年代的塑料管、PEX管、PP-R管等新型建材逐步从不认识到被接受，以及建设部及设计部门的大力推广，使塑料管材加工业呈蓬勃发展态势。但在人们大搞供水、燃气管业的同时忽视市场潜力巨大的排水管道市场。上世纪90年代末，我国塑料管在各个市场领域内分布状况，业内权威人士对此进行了分析及对比。如下表：表1：塑料管的应用领域中国名称室外给水管建筑给水管建筑排水管埋地排水管输气管电工套管农业用管工业用管总计欧洲名称饮水管采
31、暖/室内用管污水/排水管燃气管护套管农业用管工业用管中国1998年估计产量/万吨121851510850占塑料管总量的比例%24216102102016100欧洲1997年产量/万吨42.36.3127.410.915.815.97.9226.5占塑料管总量的比例%18.72.856.24.8773.5100从以上的分析和比较可以明显看到，我国在建筑排水、电工套管领域发展的比较好，在地埋管方面的发展最差，欧洲埋地、排水管占总量的56.2%，而我国埋地排水管仅占10%，这些差距说明我国的埋地管还处在起步阶段，市场潜力巨大。据分析，市场潜力最大的领域将是过去发展最差的埋地排水管。根据发达国家的经验
32、，塑料管应用量（质量计）最大的领域在排水排污管，主要是室外的埋地排水排污管。这是因为现代化的国家需要建设一个庞大的，遍布城乡的排水排污管道系统，不仅生活排水、工业排水要进入这个管系，体积量更大的雨水也有很大部分需要通过这个排水系统收集和输送（排水管一般是无压的，管径较大）。我国过去在埋地排水领域应用塑料管最为落后，原因之一是中国过去对于环境保护不够重视，排水管的建设投资不足，传统排水管主要采用价格最低的平接口混泥土管。原因之二是塑料埋地排水管和传统的混泥土埋地排水管不同，其设计施工和验收需要全新的规范。中国过去对塑料埋地排水管的研究试验不够，实际应用的经验也不足，一直没有制定出国家级的设计施工
33、和验收规范。因此前些年有多家企业引进塑料埋地排水管生产线后都难以打开市场，停留在做个别试验工程的阶段。近几年，塑料埋地排水管的市场开始起步，一方面是因为中国越来越重视环境保护，不少地区大力治理江河湖海的污染；另一方面对于塑料埋地排水管的研究试验和标准及规范制定工作也逐步有了进展，部分地区已开始大量应用。建设部专门组织的两个推广会上，上海、北京等市政部门都介绍了使用塑料埋地排水管的成功经验。目前有的塑料埋地排水管生产企业已经出现供不应求的形势。塑料埋地排水管正成为新的投资热点。二、市场潜力分析排水设备是现代化市政建设必不可少的重要基础建设，与发达国家相比，我国市政排水设施水平十分落后，我国正面临
34、全国大量投资建设排水管网的历史机遇。中国是水资源严重短缺的国家，人均水量不足2400立方米，仅为世界人均水量的四分之一。在中国的很多城市和地区能否保证居民的供水已经成为面临的首要难题，全国668个城市中有400多个供水不足。造成水危机的重要原因是水资源被没有控制、没有处理的排水所污染，例如，中国七大河流流经的15个主要大城市河段中，有13个河段水质污染严重。水污染还直接危害到经济、生活和人民健康的各方面。现在，全国上下都在呼吁保护水资源，治理水污染。在这样的形势下，排水设施工程已经成为各地基础建设的热点，在排水设施工程中排管网是其核心部分。我国近年对城市排水设施的投资增长很快，按1990年不变
35、价计算，1998年投资为1990年的9.53倍。城市市政污水处理率从1990年的4.24%提高到1998年的16.52%。（和发达国家仍有很大的差距）。其投资占全社会固定资产投资的比例由1990年的0.21%提高到1998年的0.54%，反映了国家对于加快治理水污染的重视正在提高。据建设部统计，1997年我国市政系统和企业单位自建排水系统及城市排水管道长度约为85136.21公里，随后三年即98、99、2000年每年新建排水管网系统增长率分别为10%、16%、22%，呈递增趋势，且远远高出国民经济增长的总体水平。若按每年20%的增长率，则每年需排水管约150万公里，若有50%使用双壁波纹管则每
36、年使用量为75万公里，这不包括城市排污管网的改造及新建污水处理厂所带来的市场需求。建设部专家预测，在“十一五”期间我国在供水和排水方面的投资增长率将继续高于社会固定资产投资增长率。在城市排水将投资1200亿左右， 2005年污水的处理率接近40%，到2015年污水处理率超过60%。所以，我们预测在今后二十年内我国将进入建设排水管网的高潮，为塑料埋地排水管创造了空前的发展机遇。按照国务院关于环保若干问题的决定和建设部关于城市污水集中处理行业发展和设备产业化工作的初步设想，2000年 “三江三河”流域及50万元以上人口城市污水集中处理率为38.3%时，城市污水管网投资为129亿元。2010年城市污
37、水集中处理率达到50%时，城市污水管网建设需投资289.8亿元。其中至少将有40%即115.9亿元用于采购管道及管件。另外城市及工业污水处理是一个潜在的巨大市场。2001年7月北京市人大提出的北京市城市建设提案，共投资1800亿元用于市政基本建设，申奥成功后，又追加1000亿元，其中200亿元用于水、电、气、暖，800亿元用于污水处理。使污水处理达到90%，这两项预算中有400亿元用于管道采购，上海“十五”期间以计划投资1500亿元用于市政基础建设，其中400亿元用作建设污水处理厂及排水管网建设。上海市、北京市率先淘汰水泥管、推广使用塑料管，加之城市污水处理投资力度加大，必然带动全国各地城市掀
38、起“管道革命”的热潮，新型管道企业的不断涌现，生产能力不断扩张，建设部必将出台政策法规在全国范围内禁止使用水泥管作为排水排污管道。市场对塑料排水、排污管道需求将急剧增大。如全国人口在50万以上的城市全部使用塑料排水、排污管道，每年则需1.5亿公里长度的塑料管道。HDPE双壁波纹管生产设备及生产技术于九十年代初期发展成熟，目前在发达国家的诸多领域广泛使用。尤其在美国、加拿大、日本、韩国及欧洲各国，双壁波纹管广泛用于工农业大型输水、各种领域排水、排污、排气等。我国近几年来才开始引进此类设备，且集中于大中型企业，其原因是从国外购置此类设备价格昂贵，每套约400-500万美元，使中小型企业望而却步，而
39、大型企业在发展规模上也受资金限制，从而限制了双壁波纹管的发展。江苏欣荣科技发展有限公司通过引进消化国外先进技术并对国内引进设备进行研究，对比各种结构壁管的优缺点推行HDPE挤出成型波纹管生产线，此生产线分600、800二种机型、范围管径从225800mm，填补了国内空白，设备价格为600800万元人民币，是替代进口设备的首选产品。三、制品规格、性能、特点于用途表2：HDPE双壁波纹管材规格、尺寸、重量（kg）及售价（元）管材规格DN225DN300DN400DN500DN600DN700内径225300400500600700外径260346460578697800单米重量3.55.58.51
40、31925原料成本7760万 /吨27.2042.7066.00100.90147.40194.00售价1.3万元/吨45.0070.00110.00165.00240.00320.50标准长度6000mm、9000mm、12000mm1吨管材的原材料包括：HDPE原料0.6吨，11200.00元/吨，成本6720.00元；波纹管专用填充料0.2吨 ，1200.00元/吨，成本240.00元；HDPE回收料0.2吨，4000.00元/吨，成本800.00元表3：双壁波纹管、空壁缠绕管、水泥管改良于价格比较（单位：元）规格双壁波纹管（S1系列）空壁缠绕管（S1系列）水泥管重量kg/m价格施工费用
41、综合费用重量kg/m价格施工费用综合费用重量kg/m价格施工费用综合费用2253.54525704.1654.14094.166751071823005.570301006.584.545129.5100801202004008.5110401501114360203183116160276500131655522021.5279.575354.52671391803196001924072312263381004384003002005007002532095415303901345245504122506628003242011053040600168768650485300785表4：双
42、壁波纹管、空壁缠绕管、水泥管性能比较（以800mm为例）双壁波纹管（S1系列）空壁缠绕管（S1系列）水泥管产品类别柔性管柔性管刚性管使用寿命50年以上50年以上20年左右每米价格420元600元485元施工费用110元/m168元/m300元/m工程综合造价530元/m768元/m785元/m结构受外压变形，但不易损坏受外压变形，但不损坏受外压及铺设不平均能破损施工费用重量轻、链接迅速、方便，搬运轻便，重量较重、连接不太方便，重量最重（200kg/m），连接不方便、不可靠、施工耗力、耗材，连接方式承插、哈夫块联接热缩膜、热熔链接凹凸企口结合用水泥理化性能而冲击、耐腐蚀、不漏水、耐寒性高、耐磨性
43、强、寿命长而冲击、耐腐蚀、不漏水、耐寒性高、耐磨性强、寿命长重量重、耐冲击低、受压已损坏、漏水、耐化学性差产品特点1、重量轻，成本低，具有很强的市场竞争力。同中空壁缠绕管、缠绕成型式肋管相比，在相同管径，相同环刚度下，单米重量最轻，可节省材料4070%。2、连接方便、可靠，可采用弹性密封圈承插联接（排水、排污、通风等用途），也可采用密封圈外加哈夫块连接（供水等用途）。3、HDPE双壁波纹管具有优异的耐低温性，可在-6060下施工。4、制品的整体强度高，具有较大的轴向拉伸强度，能承受较大的与轴向拉伸力和周向的环应力。5、具有很强的土壤适应性。由于HDPE的断裂延伸率可达500%。所以对地基的不均
44、匀沉降、土层变动均具有很强的适应性。6、流通性能优越。内壁光滑，流动阻力小，相同管径下，比水泥管的流量更大。7、具有很高的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性，使用寿命长达50年之久，而水泥管在正常条件下的寿命为20年左右。8、属于绿色环保产品，由于HDPE可完全回收，故不对环境造成污染。产品用途1、可广泛用用于市政建设的排水、排污等管道系统2、农田、水利灌溉、输水、排涝等水利工程。3、化工、矿山用于流体的输送以及通风管等用途。4、地下管线的保护套管和通信电缆套管等用途。5、工厂、污水处理厂以及其他公共场所的管道。四、管材联接管材可通过使用密封插接，或弹性密封圈加哈夫外固件连接等形式连接： 弹性密封圈承插联接：弹
45、性密封圈加哈夫块外固联接：五、机组规格参数及特点SBG600型双壁波纹管设备组成：一、 生产线主要技术参数1、 使用的树酯：高密度聚乙烯2、 装机容量：400KW，常用容量：300KW3、 生产能力：600KG/HR4、 生产线速度：最大3.2m/min5、 操作方向：从右各左6、 设备颜色：绿色二、 设备组成1、SJPE-75/33单螺杆挤出机（内层挤出） 8台2、SJPE-90/33单螺杆挤出机（外层挤出） 8台3、自适应模头支架 8台4、复合挤出模头 24套5、波纹成型机（配模块） 8台6、西门子PLC控制系统 8套7、牵引喷淋冷却水槽 8台8、堆放机 8台9、随机专用工具 8套三、 机
46、组特点1、 该生产线设计先进，配置高档，技术领先，生产效率高，配合公司PE高效挤出机，确保高速生产；2、 全线采用西门子PLC控制系统，自动化程度高，控制精确，运行可靠，操作简便；3、 双壁波纹管内外层采用二台高效挤出机分别挤出成型，既可生产外壁不同颜色的管材，又可分层使用回收料，降低生产成本；4、 特殊结构的成型机头，使内、外层壁厚均匀，成型稳定，并且具有内壁厚度可调功能；5、 配有强力冷却的波纹成型系统，可保证连续生产时较高的生产速度。先进的润滑系统使成型模块的磨损降至最低，并具有长久的使用寿命，确保运行精度，保障管材的质量稳定；6、 具有先进的在线扩口功能，通过PLC控制系统，可实现自动在线的双层扩口功能，且扩口壁厚可有效增厚；7、 可根据用户的不同要求，设计不同波型和环刚度的成型模块；8、 管材联接工艺简单，施工快捷方便，不需要特殊管件。六、生产能力和管材成本本项目设计8条生产线，总投资8000万元，固定资产投资5000万元，流动资金3000万元。一期上马6条生产线，总投资6000万元，固定资产投资3500万元，流动资金2500万元，主要建设内容为：2条HDPE管生产线投资900万元、1条波纹管生产线投资600万元、1条UPVC管生产线投资500万元、2条电工