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1、10 打入式钢筋混凝土预制桩 本章适用于工业与民用建筑中的打入式钢筋混凝土预制桩工程。10.1 材料构件要求10.1.1 钢筋混凝土预制桩：规格质量必须符合设计要求和施工规范的规定，并有出厂合格证。砂、石、水泥及钢材等桩体材料均应符合相关标准并具有合格证、检测报告。10.1.2 焊条（接桩用）：型号、性能必须符合设计要求和有关标准的规定，一般用E4303。10.1.3 钢板（接桩用）：材质、规格符合设计要求，宜用低碳钢。10.2 主要机具 一般应备有：柴油打桩机或液压打桩机、电焊机、桩帽、缓冲垫、运桩小车、索具、钢丝绳、钢垫板或槽钢，以及钢尺等。10.3 作业条件10.3.1 桩基的轴线和标高
2、均已测定完毕，并经过检查办理预检手续。桩基的轴线和高程的控制桩，应设置在施工区附近不受打桩影响的地点，并应妥善加以保护。10.3.2 处理完高空和地下的障碍物。如影响邻近建筑物或构筑物的使用和安全时，应会同有关单位采取有效措施予以处理。10.3.3 场地应辗压平整，排水畅通，保证桩机的移动和稳定垂直。必要时填铺砂石、钢道板、枕木等施工措施，进行地面加固。10.3.4 根据轴线放出桩位线，用木撅或钢筋头钉好桩位，并用白灰做上标志，便于施打。10.3.5 打试验桩。施工前必须打试验桩，其数量不少于2根，确定贯入度并校验打桩设备、施工工艺以及技术措施是否适宜。10.3.6 要选择和确定打桩机进出路线
3、和打桩顺序，制定施工方案，做好技术交底。10.4 操作工艺10.4.1 工艺流程：打桩稳桩起吊预制桩就位桩机移桩机中间检查验收送桩接桩10.4.2 就位桩机。打桩机就位时，应对准桩位，保证垂直、稳定，确保在施工中不发生倾斜、移动。 在打桩前，用2台经纬仪对打桩机进行垂直度调整，使导杆垂直，或达到符合设计要求的角度。10.4.3 起吊预制桩。先拴好吊桩用的钢丝绳和索具，然后应用索具捆绑在桩上端吊环附近处，一般不宜超过300mm，再起动机器起吊预制桩，使桩尖垂直或按设计要求的斜角准确地对准预定的桩位中心，缓缓放下插入土中，位置要准确，再在桩顶扣好桩帽或桩箍，即可除去索具。10.4.4 稳桩。桩尖插
4、入桩位后，先用落距较小冷锤12次，桩入土一定深度，再调整桩锤、桩帽、桩垫及打桩机导杆，使之与打入方向成一直线，并使桩稳定。10m以内短桩可用线坠双向校正；10m以上或打接桩必须经纬仪双向校正，不得用目测。打斜桩时必须用角度仪测定、校正角度。观测仪器应设在不受打桩机移动及打桩作业影响的地点，并经常与打桩机成直角移动。桩插入土时垂度偏差不得超过0.5。 桩在打入前，应在桩的侧面或桩架上设置标尺，以便在施工中观测、记录。10.4.5 打桩。用落锤或单动汽锤打桩时，锤的最大落距不宜超过1m；用柴油锤打桩时，应使锤跳动正常。 打桩宜重锤低击，锤重的选择应根据工程地质条件、桩的类型、结构、密集程度及施工条
5、件来选用。 打桩顺序根据基础的设计标高，先深后浅；依桩的规格先大后小，先长后短。由于桩的密集程度不同，可由中间向两个方向对称进行或向四周进行，也可由一侧向单一方向进行。 打入初期应缓慢地间断地试打，在确认桩中心位置及角度无误后再转入正常施打。 打桩期间应经常校核检查桩机导杆的垂直度或设计角度。10.4.6 接桩。在桩长不够的情况下，采用焊接或浆锚法接桩。 接桩前应先检查下节桩的顶部，如有损伤应适当修复，并清除两桩端的污染和杂物等。如下节桩头部严重破坏时应补打桩。 焊接时，其预埋件表面应清洁，上下节之间的间隙应用铁片垫实焊牢。施焊时，先将四角点焊固定，然后对称焊接，并应采取措施，减少焊缝变形，焊
6、缝应连续焊满。0以下时须停止焊接式作业，否则需采取预热措施。 浆锚法接桩时，接头间隙内应填满熔化了的硫磺胶泥，硫磺胶泥温度控制在145左右。接桩后应停歇至少7min后才能继续打桩。 接桩时，一般在距地面1m左右时进行。上下节桩的中心线偏差不得大于5mm，节点弯曲矢高不得大于11000桩长。 接桩处入土前，应对外露铁件再次补刷防腐漆。 桩的接头应尽量避免下述位置： 桩尖刚达到硬土层的位置； 桩尖将穿透硬土层的位置； 桩身承受较大弯矩的位置。10.4.7 送桩。设计要求送桩时，送桩的中心线应与桩身吻合一致方能进行送桩。送桩下端宜设置桩垫，要求厚薄均匀。若桩顶不平可用麻袋或厚纸垫平。送桩留下的桩孔应
7、立即回填密实。10.4.8 检查验收。预制桩打入深度以最后贯入度（一般以连续三次锤击均能满足为准）及桩尖标高为准，即“双控”，如两者不能同时满足要求时，首先应满足最后贯入度。坚硬土层中，每根桩已打到贯入度要求，而桩尖标高进入持力层未达到设计标高，应根据实际情况与有关单位会商确定。一般要求继续击3阵，每阵10击的平均贯入度，不应大于规定的数值；在软土层中以桩尖打至设计标高来控制，贯入度可作参考。符合设计要求后，填好施工记录。然后移桩机到新桩位。如打桩发生与要求相差较大时，应会同有关单位研究处理，一般采取补桩方法。10.4.9 在每根桩桩顶打至场地标高时应进行中间验收，待全部桩打完后，开挖至设计标
8、高，做最后检查验收，并将技术资料提交总承包方。10.4.10 打桩过程中，遇见下列情况应暂停，并及时与有关单位研究处理。 1 贯入度剧变。 2 桩身突然发生倾斜、位移或有严重回弹。 3 桩顶或桩身出现严重裂缝或破碎。10.4.11 冬期在冻土区打桩有困难时，应先将冻土挖除或解冻后进行。10.5 质量标准10.5.1 主控项目： 1 钢筋混凝土预制桩的质量必须符合设计要求和施工质量验收规范的规定，并有出厂合格证。 2 打桩的桩位偏差必须符合设计要求和施工质量验收规范的规定。 3 成桩后承载力必须符合设计要求和施工质量验收规范的规定。10.5.2 一般项目： 1 预制桩桩身材料及配合比符合设计和施
9、工质量验收规范要求。 2 成品桩外形符合设计和施工质量验收规范要求。 3 桩的打入标高或贯入度、垂直度，桩的接头节点处理必须符合设计要求和施工质量验收规范的规定。10.5.3 项目允许偏差见表10.5.3。 表10.5.3 打钢筋混凝土预制桩允许偏差项次项目允许偏差（mm）检验方法主控项目1桩中心位置有基础梁的桩垂直基础梁的中心线方向1000.01H用经纬仪或拉线和钢尺量检查沿基础梁的中心线方向1500.01H桩数为13根或单排桩100桩数为416根D2桩数多于16边缘柱D3中间桩D2一般项目2成品桩外形成品桩外形掉角深度蜂窝面积裂缝深度裂缝宽度100.5200.25，且D2直观直观裂缝测定仪
10、裂缝测定仪成品桩尺寸横截面边长桩顶对角线差桩尖中心线桩身弯曲矢高桩顶平整度5101011000l2用钢尺量用钢尺量用钢尺量用钢尺量用水平尺量3接桩质量焊接法焊缝质量电焊后停歇时间上下节点平面偏差节点弯曲矢高施工质量验收规范1.0min1011000L用钢尺、焊缝检查仪和秒表检查浆锚法胶泥浇注时间浇注后停歇时间2min7min秒表测定秒表测定4桩顶标高50水准仪5停锤标准设计要求现场实测注：H为地面标高与桩顶设计标高的距离；D为桩的直径或截面边长；l为桩长；L为两节桩长。10.6 成品保护10.6.1 桩应达到设计强度的70时方可起吊，达到100时才能运输。10.6.2 桩在起吊和搬运时，必须做
11、到吊点符合设计要求，应平稳和不得损坏。10.6.3 桩的堆放应符合下列要求： 1 场地应平整、坚实，不得产生不均匀下沉。 2 垫木与吊点的位置相同，并应保持在同一横断面内，各层垫木应上下对齐。 3 同桩号的预制桩应按规格、材质分别堆放，桩尖应向一端。 4 多层垫木应上下对齐，最下层的垫木应适当加宽。堆放层数不宜超过4层。10.6.4 妥善保护好桩基的轴线和标高的控制桩，不得由于碰撞和振动而产生位移。在打桩过程中应定期、不定期对桩位和基准点进行复测校正。10.6.5 打桩时如发现地质资料与提供的数据不符时，应停止施工，与有关单位研究处理。10.6.6 在邻近有建筑物或岸边、斜坡上打桩时，应会同有
12、关单位采取有效措施，施工时应随时进行观测。10.6.7 打桩完毕的基坑开挖时，应制定合理的施工顺序和技术措施，防止桩产生位移和倾斜。10.6.8 已沉好的桩发生较大上浮时，当持力层为砂性土时，上浮量超过100mm时，应进行复打施工。10.7 应注意的问题10.7.1 预制桩必须提前订制，打桩时预制桩强度必须达到设计强度的100，锤击预制桩，宜采取强度与龄期双控制。蒸养养护时，蒸养后应增加自然养护期1个月后方准施打。10.7.2 桩身断裂。由于桩身弯曲过大、强度不足及地下有障碍物等原因造成，或桩在堆放、起吊、运输过程中产生的断裂没有发现而致。10.7.3 桩顶破碎。由于桩顶强度不够及钢筋网片不足
13、、主筋距桩顶太小或桩顶不平、施工机具选择不当等原因造成。10.7.4 桩身移位或倾斜。由于场地不平，打桩机底盘不水平或稳桩不垂直，桩尖在地下遇见硬物，桩尖偏斜或桩体弯曲，桩体压曲破坏，打桩顺序不合理接桩位置不正等原因造成。10.7.5 接桩处拉脱开裂。连接处表面不干净，连接铁件不平，焊接质量不符合要求，硫磺胶泥接桩时配合比不适，温度控制不当，熬制操作不当等造成硫磺胶泥达不到设计强度要求，接桩上下中心线不在同一条直线上等造成。10.7.6 当地面受打桩施工影响而平整度遭到破坏时，应随时进行修整。10.7.7 选用打桩机时，应充分考虑施工中的噪声、振动、地层扰动、废气、溅油、烟火等对周围环境的影响
14、。52（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party superv
15、ision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, f
16、ocusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the inte
17、rpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party
18、. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Ye
19、ars, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the mass
20、es of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, ref
21、lects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to
22、 manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibit
23、ed provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, a
24、nd is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unabl
25、e to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party co
26、nstitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations
27、 first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of t
28、he Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central
29、deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revi
30、sion, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department Th
31、e first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a noti
32、ce to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central C
33、ommission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two r
34、egulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision w
35、ork and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in
36、 front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses
37、party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Disciplin
38、e Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of vir
39、tue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance
40、with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few,
41、emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positiv
42、e reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the
43、party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the centr
44、al eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to gr
45、asp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and
46、specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibi