中考测试理论与命题技术.ppt

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1、中考测试理论与命题技术,江西省教育厅教研室 温 爱 英,Teaching to / for testing?,英国著名的教学法、测试、教材方面的专家Rod Bolitho说过这么一段话：“Change methodology, the teachers dont change easily. Change the textbooks, you change a lot, but you dont change much. Change the exams and textbooks, the methodology will follow. Change the exams, you chan

2、ge everything.”,The backwash of testing,用模拟考试、做试题冲击教学，替代讲课和练习，把生动活泼的外语教学变成枯燥的应试技巧训练，都是测试负面的或有害的反拨作用（田贵森2003：14）。负面反拨效应产生于两个环节：试题的设计和测试的使用，前者为内因，后者为外因。 负面反拨效应的本质是测试效度对信度和操作简易性的屈从（李冥2005：46）。任何测试都必须在效度、信度、可行性和对教学的反拨作用之间采取妥协，保持平衡（辜向东2002：69）。,报告由以下部分组成：,一、 2006年中考反思 二、2007年中考解读 三、中考测试理论 四、中考命题技术 五、对中考复

3、习的几点建议,一、 2006年中考反思,症状1、学生的动手能力很差。具体表现在听力理解的第3题“用词填表格”、完形填空中的B部分“用词的适当形式填空”、阅读理解的B部分“根据短文回答问题”和“书面表达”四部分得分率很低，有相当考生没有动手。 原因：大量的选择题造成的题海战术，让学生习惯猜题和熟悉A、B、C、D。 对策：平时多做非选择题，培养学生的动手能力，养成勤表达的良好习惯，包括口头和笔头。,一、 2006年中考反思,症状2、学生的语言综合运用能力、分析问题和解决问题的能力较差。具体表现在听力理解和阅读理解中“深层理解和需要概括、归纳的题目”上失分较多；完形填空得分不高。 原因：1）课堂上大

4、量的知识讲解没有真正培养学生的能力。 2）平时的题目以考查知识点、直白信息和浅层理解的占绝大多数。 对策：1）学习知识的目的是为了运用知识，课堂教学要积极创造机会让学生运用知识去解决问题。 2）题目的设计要有剃度，从知识到技能，再到能力。,一、 2006年中考反思,症状3、学生思维僵化，语言单一，缺乏自信和冒险 精神。 原因：教师把活生生的语言规则化；答案标准化；反 馈单一化；题目设计没有提供自由发挥的空间。 对策：1）活化语言，在情景中教语言，语言在情景中才具有生命力。不同的语言可以表达相同的意思，同样的语言在不同的情景中表达的意思不一样。 2）给学生自由表达的机会，张扬学生的个性。 3）多

5、元化评价，培养学生的自信和冒险精神。,Pat Alex(P) comes by to see Li Hong(L). They talk about the party last night and about the weather. P: Hi, Li Hong. L: Hi, Pat. 76 P: Because it was so cold and rainy. L: 77 ! It was a really good party. Hey, why dont we go for a walk this afternoon, Pat? P: Go for a walk? But its

6、 so cold out. L: Cold out? 78 ? P: About 13 L: 13 ? 79 .Just wait until winter. P: Why? L: Well it snows a lot and sometimes its very cold. Last winter it was 7 below zero for three weeks. And it was windy, too. P: That sounds terrible! L: 80 .The sun was out almost every day.,76.Why didnt you go to

7、 the party last night. 77.What a pity/ Thats too bad/ Too bad. 78.Whats the temperature. 79.Thats not cold/ It wasnt cold at all/Its not cold 80.Its wasnt all that terrible/That wasnt so bad/No /I wouldnt say that/ Not terrible.,2007年中考解读,2007大纲卷考试形式与试卷结构 2007课标卷考试形式与试卷结构,2007大纲卷考试形式与试卷结构,1、没有系统或专门学

8、习有关“测试”的理论知识，只是模仿或凭感觉、凭经验，学生会错什么就考什么，特别是单选题的命制。 2、花在研究教学的时间多，对于试题的命制则没有特别研究。 3、对初三复习课的目的很清楚，但未能把理念转化为真正的课堂教学行为。 4、想方设法多占用学生的时间，但很少钻研复习教学方法，做到复以习省时高效。 5、思维已成定势，认为复习课不用备课，拿到教材归纳知识点，拿到试卷对对答案。,2007课标卷考试形式与试卷结构,二、测试理论 （一）教学与测试的关系,测试和教学是什么关系？ 两种完全对立的观点： 其一，测试是教学的中心，即“应试教学”（teach to test）； 其二，测试是为教学服务的（Dav

9、ies 1968:5; 杨惠中1999：16），即测试应当遵循和模仿教学的模式（Testing should follow and ape teaching）(Davies 1968:5)。 你的观点是什么？,（一）教学与测试的关系,语言教学与语言测试的关系是一种“伙伴关系”（relationship of partnership），“合作关系” (Huges,2000:2) ，两者相互联系、相互影响，忽视任何一方，另一方都无法正常运作（Both teaching and testing are closely interrelated that it is virtually impossi

10、ble to work in either field without being constantly concerned with the other）。测试既为教学服务，又直接影响教学，并对教学产生一定的反拨作用，这种反拨作用或有益于教学，或妨碍教学。,（二）语言测试的四个要素,任何语言测试，尤其是大规模、高风险 的语言测试必须具备四个要素：效度、 信度、可行性和对教学积极的反拨作用。,效 度（Validity）,“语言测试的效度，亦称有效性，或者说，在多大程度上，是为了目的所要考的”（李筱菊1997：49）。效度的概念包括以下几个方面：结构效度（语言测试的理论基础）、内容效度（足够的、

11、具有代表性的、相关的抽样）、标准关联效度（与外在的独立的、得到广泛认可的测试相比较，含同期效度和预测效度）和表面效度（外行对测试的印象）。,信 度（Reliability）,语言测试的信度是指语言测试结果的一 致性程度。信度包括三个方面：测试本 身的信度、受试在不同情况下的表现以 及评分的信度。,可行性与对教学的反拨作用,除效度、信度外，可行性是语言测试的另一要 素。一项测试只有在其人力、物力、时间许可 的范围内才具可行性。可行性主要与实施测试 的方法以及在多大程度上是否要建立和采用某 项测试有关（辜向东2002：68-69）。与此同 时，还要考虑测试对教学的反拨作用。,在主、客观测试中，效度

12、、信度、可行性和对教学的反拨作用四者之间的关系如下：,项目 主观性测试 客观性测试 ( Item ) ( Subjective ) ( Objective ) 效度（Validity） 更高（Higher） 更低（Lower） 信度（Reliability）更低（Lower） 更高（Higher） 可行性 可行性更小 可行性更大 ( Practicality） ( Less practical) ( More practical) 反拨作用 更积极的 更负面的 (Backwash effect） ( More positive) ( Less positive),（三）命题原则,试卷结构 效度

13、标准：是否考了所要考的？ 即：考试分数在多大程度上体现了考生的语言能力？ 即：分数的准确性。 信度标准：是否保证考试分数的公平性？ 即：考试分数在多大程度上不受评分误差的影响？ 即：分数的一致性。,（三）命题原则,试题内容 代表性：考试内容是否是教学的重点？ 覆盖面：考试内容是否涵盖教学的主要内容？ 在试题设计/命题时，我们始终要问： 它考了学生的什么能力/或是能激活学生什么样的考试过程/行为？是我们想要考的吗？ 评分是否有误差？如何控制评分误差？,（四）有关中考,1、基本目标 试题具有较高的效度、相当的信度、适当的难度、必要的区分度；确保试卷的指导性、基础性、科学性、全面性、有效性。 确保试

14、题的信度和效度，以使考试的形式有利于实现考查的目的，使考试结果尽可能准确地反映学生的实际水平，充分发挥中考的鉴定功能和激励功能。,2、测试应遵循的标准和原则,何谓一份好试卷？ 具备五个要素、遵循六大原则。,1）英语测试的主要标准,英语测试是检测学生综合语言运用能力发展程度的重要途径。好的语言测试一般应具有五个特征：有效性(validity)、可靠性(reliability)、区分性(discrimination)、实用性(feasibility)和教育性，即良好的反拨作用（backwash effect）。,2）中考命题的六大原则,1、依据英语课程标准来确定考查的内容和标准。就是说命题不应该以

15、教材为标准。 2、着重考查学生的综合语言运用能力。 3、要充分考虑学生的实际生活和身心发展水平。 4、要选用真实、地道的语言素材，根据语言的实际使用情形命题。 5、要确保试题的信度和效度，杜绝繁、偏、旧的试题，并控制题量。 6、要根据试题的考查目的和考查重点科学、合理地指定评分标准。,3）英语新课程目标,基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力。综合语言运用能力的形成建立在学生语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识等素养整体发展的基础上。语言知识和语言技能是综合语言运用能力的基础，文化意识是得体运用语言的保证。情感态度是影响学生学习和发展的重要因素，学习策略是提高学

16、习效率、发展自主学习能力的保证。这五个方面共同促进综合语言运用能力的形成。,4）课程标准五级应达到的 综合语言运用能力目标,有较明确的英语学习动机和积极主动的学习态度。能听懂教师有关熟悉话题的陈述并参与讨论。能就日常生活的各种话题与他人交换信息并陈述自己的意见。能读懂供7-9年级学生阅读的简单读物和报刊、杂志，克服生词障碍，理解大意。能根据阅读目的运用适当的阅读策略。能根据提示起草和修改小作文。能与他人合作，解决问题并报告结果，共同完成学习任务。能对自己的学习进行评价，总结学习方法。能利用多种教育资源进行学习。进一步增强对文化差异的理解与认识。,3、2007年英语中考走势,1）新课程英语中考注

17、重考查能力，那么具体考查学生哪些方面的能力呢？ 英语学业考试应侧重考查学生的语言技能、语言知识、跨文化交际意识以及跨文化交际的能力。英语课程标准中提到的学习策略和情感态度在试题中不能直接进行考查。因此，新课程英语中考考查学生以下五个方面的能力：听力技能；口语技能；阅读技能；写作技能；语言知识的运用能力。,2）语言知识的运用能力 具体指什么？,语言知识的运用能力指的是学生在一定的语境中运用语言知识、语法知识和语用知识的能力。对知识的考查既不能孤立地考查某些知识点，也不能机械地考查学生对知识的记忆情况。单元练习考查的是语言知识，但是在语境中运用知识就是要在给出句子的逻辑中去判断答案，这是中考命题的

18、新思路。,3）中考改革的发展趋势,针对教学目标，采用以折中主义为理念的交际语言能力（communicative language ability）测试模式（Bachman,2000），尽量使用直接的语言行为测试，重点测量学生在一定语境中运用英语进行有效交际的能力。减少离散题和客观题，增加主观题的比例。尽可能使用真实的语言材料，在考试的阅读材料（包括简短问答题和完型填空题）中，增加文章的标题。新增实用性、真实性并举的作文考试题。,4）课程标准与修订大纲对照表,四、中考命题技术,（一）听力测试 （二）单项填空 （三）完型填空 （四）阅读理解 （五）补全对话 （六）书面表达,（一）听力测试,评价内容

19、与目标 评价学生从有声材料中获取信息的能力。其评价目标为通过有关熟悉话题的对话或独白（短文），根据语调和重音，理解说话者的意图，并从中提取信息。(Information including 身份who/whom, 地点where, 时间when, 原因why, 方式how, 数量how many,内容what: making comparisons, making judgment, making inferences作出推断，理解说话人的语气、心绪和summarizing归纳、总结等。),听力和阅读问题的设计,Plain facts or Students critical thinking

20、 Plain facts 1、When did this story happen? A. March 14. B. March 15. C. March 16. 2. Where did the story happen? 3. Who was making a report when someone fell off a chair? 4. How many teachers attended the meeting? Critical thinking What do you think of Wen Aiyings report? A. Good. B. Not good. C. We

21、 dont know.,命题原则,听力材料口语化、生活化，语言地道，具有情景，增加信息输入量，试题以特殊问句方式或表格形式给出，各选项一般为三个，问题印在试卷上；表格为五个空格。,听力测试A）部分,是评价学生从有声材料中获取信息的能力。其评价目标为通过有关熟悉话题的简短对话，根据语调和重音，理解说话者的意图，并从中提取信息。,材料1：M: Can I take your coat, madam? W: Thank you. M: And would you like something to drink before you order your meal? 材料2：M: Well, Ill

22、be leaving now. W: Must you go so soon？,例如：,Q1: Where are they? A. In a clothes shop. B. In a restaurant. C. In a coffee shop. Q2: What does the woman mean? A. She wants him to stay longer. B.She knows he must go soon. C. She wants him to go now.,听力测试B）部分,所涉及的内容为学生所熟悉的话题内容，如谈论天气、家庭、活动、购物、看病、打电话、聚会、旅

23、游等。试题均以特殊问句的方式给出。其评价目标为能听懂接近正常语速的有关熟悉话题的谈话，并能从中提取信息和观点。,M: Good afternoon, madam. Can I help you? W: Well, I seem to have lost my handbag. M: Oh, Im sorry. Could you tell me what it looks like? W: OK. Its a brown bag. Oh, No, its black. M: Black? W: Yes, and its made of leather. M: Fine. Have you go

24、t anything inside? W: Well, my mobile phone is in there, and, er, my money. I mean all of my money is in there. I have about 50 pounds. M: I see. W: Oh, I have a little address book. M: Any photos in it? W: No. M: Fine. Could I know your name? W: Im Jane Parker. M: Yes, madam.,For example:,1. What c

25、olor is the womans bag? A. Brown. B. Black. C. Blue. 2. Which of the following is not in her bag? A. A wallet. B. A mobile phone. C. An address book. 3. How does the woman feel? A. Worried. B. Angry. C. Surprised. 4. What can we learn from the dialogue? A. The woman lost it in the morning. B. Its a

26、present from her husband. C. Its a leather bag.,听力测试C）部分,为短文独白的理解。其所涉及的内容为学生所熟悉的学习和生活经历。短文的长度一般在150个词左右。该部分的评价目标是听懂接近正常语速的短文，理解短文所叙述的事实及说话者的意图、态度和观点。新课标根据短文内容按要求作适当的记录。,例题 11. Where are they? A. In a office. B. In a market. C. In a hospital. 12. Whats the trouble with Mr. Nelson? A. He has got a too

27、thache. B. He had a tooth pulled out. C. He has to look over the other tooth. 13. What does the woman want to do? A. He has a tooth pulled out. B. He sleeps for a day long. B. He presses the tooth like this.,听力材料： W: Whats the trouble, Mr. Nelson? M: Its this tooth here. Its aching. W: I see. Has it

28、 given you a lot of trouble? M: Yes, it kept me awake last night. W: Just let me have a look. Open wide, please. Hmm, now Ill just look over the other teeth M: You mean you look at them right now. W: Yes, open wide, please. Now when I press like this, does it hurt? M: Ouch. W: It seems that this too

29、th needs pulling out. M: Doctor, its felling well. W: Im afraid not. （CCA ）,Dialogue 1 11.What are the two speakers going to do this evening? A. Have dinner in a restaurant. B. Go to see friends. C. Make Sichuan food. 12.Why doesnt the man feel like having Sichuan food today? A.Because its too expen

30、sive. B. Because its too hot. C. Because the restaurant is too far. 13.What kind of food do they both like? A. Chinese food. B. Fast food. C. Italian food.,1. Whats the strongest reason for Englishmen often to go to pubs? A. To meet their friends. B. To relax themselves. C. To drink beer. 2. What sh

31、ould a woman do if she wants to visit an English Pub? A. Go there alone. B. Go there with her friends. C. Go there with a man. 3. According to the passage, how long do pubs usually stay open? A. 13 hours. B. 12 hours. C. 11 hours. 4. Which of the following is true for many Englishmen? A. They feel l

32、ucky in a pub. B. They are not interested in their jobs. C. They can tell their troubles to bar girls whenever they want to. 5. What can we learn from the passage? A. Englishmen enjoy going to pubs. B. The pub is the best place for Englishmen to go to after work. C. The speaker likes pubs very much.

33、 (BCABA) (6. Who is the speaker? A. A man. B. A woman. C. We cant decide. ),The word pub is the short for public house in Great Britain. Its the Englishmens favorite meeting place, where they can get together with friends over a pint of beer and talk about football, or horse racing, or business. Pub

34、s are usually open from 11 a.m. to midnight. You may notice that the pub is the Englishmens meeting place. Its not quite fit for a woman to go into a pub alone. She must have a man to go with her. Perhaps thats partly the reason why pubs makes me unhappy. Most Englishmen have their favorite place, w

35、here they can relax themselves, and if they are lucky, tell their troubles to a beautiful bargirl. Indeed, many men dream of retiring from their 9-5 jobs and buying a little country pub, where they imagine they will be the host of a seven nights a week party.,David R. Smith is going to study at Fuda

36、n University in September, so he has to find a room to live in. He only needs a single room because housing is so expensive in Shanghai. He wants to find a room at lower price, about 350 yuan a month, for it is not easy for him, a first year student, to find a good part-time job quickly. Could you h

37、elp him? If so, please e-mail him before July 31th. His e-mail address is David Yahoo. com .,（二）知识运用,知识运用部分又分为两节： “语法和词汇”和“完形填空”。,1、语法和词汇,语法和词汇，即单项填空，主要考查考生的语法知识和运用语法知识的能力，以及对词语和词语搭配、习惯用语等的正确理解能力。这部分试题覆盖面广，淡化了语法，突出了语言的实用性，试题重点突出，强调动词用法能力的考查。从设计的角度看，这部分考查的重点不是语法结构和词汇记忆，而是把语法和词汇知识的测试放在适当的情景中，强调了语言知识的实

38、际应用和交际功能。大多数题目考查考生在特定语境中理解和运用语法、词汇等基础知识的能力。,2、单项选择题的命题技术,A、要科学、合理地设计考点。 B、试题设计要具有严密的科学性和严谨性。 C、选项本身在语法上应该是正确的。 D、选项长度要适当、均衡。 E、要保证试题的答案没有争议。 F、要考查学生根据情景（上下文）的判断推理能力 G、题干越简洁越好。,A、要科学、合理地设计考点,1. -I went to New York. -Did you? -Yes, Ive just come back. 2.-Have you heard of the accident about Lucy and h

39、er father? -Accident? No, I havent. Tell me about it. 3. -909-3652781. -Just let me check that. 9093652781. -Thats it.,1. -I went to New York. -_ you? -Yes, Ive just come back. A. Have B. Did C. Will D. Do 2.-Have you heard of the accident about Lucy and her father? -Accident? No, I havent. Tell me

40、about _. A. it B. her C. him D. them 5. -909-3652781. -Just let me _ that. 9093652781. -Thats it. A. say B. check C. find D. catch,B、试题设计要具有严密的科学性和严谨性,The three months of spring in China are _. A. December, January and February B. March, April and May C. January, February and March,C、选项本身在语法上应该是正确的。

41、,3. -Do you often go to those big concerts? -Sometimes. I like listening to CDs _. A. very much. B. better C. best D. a little 4. When you talk with others, try to talk about _ they are interested in. A. everything B. nothing C. something D. anything 5. Every year, millions of fishes are killed by t

42、he polluted water. _ we should do something to stop it. (2007年样卷) A. If B. Unless C. But D. So 6. How much shall I pay for the telephone call? You _. Its free. (2007年样卷) A. should not B. cant C. dont have to D. mustnt,E、要保证试题的答案没有争议,You were in Shanghai last week, _ you? A. were B. werent C. did D.

43、didnt -Would you mind if I open the window? -_, though its a little cold. A. Yes, please B. Sure C. Not at all D. Sorry,F、要考查学生根据情景（上下文）的判断推理能力,-Hi, Lin Tao! Where _ you just now?（缺乏情景） -I went to the playground. A. were B. are C. have been D. will be -What about flying to London? -We cant _ it. Tak

44、ing a train is cheaper./ Maybe were going there by train. A. make B. keep C. plan D. afford I cant remember when exactly the Blacks left _city. I only remember it was _Saturday. A. the, the B. a, the C. a, a D. the, a,（二）完填空,“完型填空”试题的命制，基本上遵循“突出语篇，强调应用，注重实际”的设计思路。试题特点鲜明，“考查考生在阅读理解的基础上对词汇知识的掌握情况”，即要求

45、考生通读短文，掌握文章大意，综合运用所学的词汇、语法等知识，从试题所提供的词汇、短语中判断出是短文意思通顺、结构完整的词汇或短语。,完形填空题考查趋势,将由局部理解向整体理解转移：试题考查点减少了单句层次的试题，明显增加了语篇理解的试题；设问角度突出考查对整 、对上下文乃至全篇的理解。 考查点设置的三个层面 首先，“点”的层面。答题时只需考虑设空所在的句子的意思便可得出答案，属于较易试题。其次，“线”的层面。答题时需要弄清楚前后几个句子甚至上下一两段段意才能找出答案，属于中等难度试题。最后，“面”的层面。考查考生对文章内容进行逻辑分析，推理判断能力。在做”点”、“先、线”的基础上才能做好面的题

46、。答题时必须通观全文，从整体角度考虑才能判断出最佳答案，属于较难试题。,完形填空命题原则,1） 选材 与当代英语国家人士的生活关系密切（观点、情感、意识、 时尚等 上下文联系紧凑 富含可考项目 2）挖空 第一句不挖空 各类题均匀分布（动词略多） 试题在短文中均匀分布（相邻两个空格之间，间隔10词左右） 避免相互依存的题 避免答案出现在试卷中的其他地方 3）选项 正确答案必须是短文中被挖掉的词或短语（未经改写） 干扰项有干扰性 干扰项是正确项的干扰项，而不是干扰项的干扰项 干扰项不应相互包容 须是正确的英语表达形式 4） 考查目的明确,立足语篇理解.,Where did you go yeste

47、rday？Did you hear music at any of those places？Today most stores and restaurants play music. You might even hear music in an office or on a farm. Scientists believe that music changes the way people behave(举止).According to some scientists, the sound of western classical（古典的）music makes people feel r

48、icher. When a restaurant plays classical music, people spend more money on food and drinks. When the restaurant plays modern music, people spend less money. With no music, people spend even less. Scientists also believe that loud, fast music makes people eat faster. In fact, people eat their food faster when the music get faster. Some restaurants play fast music during their busy hours. This gets people to eat faster and leave quickly. Restaurant