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1、河南质量工程职业学院毕业设计河南质量工程职业学院 毕 业 设 计（论文）题 目：十字轴式万向联轴器的分析和改进系 别： 机电工程系 专 业： 机电一体化 班 级： 09机电（3）班 学生姓名： 指导老师： 完成日期： 2012年02月08日 Opinions and suggestions on the partys mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, municipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee
2、about carrying out the partys mass line educational practice activity in the citys implementation opinions, the spirit of the partys mass line educational practice activities from 20* in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roo
3、ts party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Party of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 1
4、8th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice , party implementing the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and
5、 requirements, step method, in accordance with the look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Zhuang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the peo
6、ple, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations , double section provincial regulations, municipal provisions of the twelve plan and the impl
7、ementation measures for on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses o
8、f people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the
9、 building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions
10、 directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutions. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the count
11、y leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activitie
12、s and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the partys education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self c
13、riticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Order
14、ly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key point of the taskThe main task of the countys education practice
15、 is to seize against four wind this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation, overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the conc
16、erns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, privileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any dis
17、count to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the four winds outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements, the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance conc
18、ept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in image project, political project, a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy focus on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not impl
19、emented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies, and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The
20、 township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, b
21、rand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the
22、competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, m
23、utual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the indust
24、ry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enh
25、ance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality manageme
26、nt management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriousl
27、y study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds,
28、 enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.III河南质量工程职业学院毕业设计河南质量工程职业学院毕业设计（论文）任务书班 级*学生姓名 指导教师*设计（论文）题目十字轴式万向联轴器的分析与改进 主要研究内容十字轴式万向联轴器是一类容许两轴间具有较大的角位移的联轴器，适用于有较大角位移的两轴之间的连接，一般两轴的轴间角最大可达3545，而且在运转过程可以随时改变两轴的轴间角，其最大特点是：具有较大的角向补偿能力，结构紧凑，传动效率高。主要技术指标或研究目标在生产和应用的过程中，十字轴式万向联轴器存
29、在着一系列的的问题，如轴承座螺栓断裂、十字轴断裂等。此次设计的目的是为了对这些问题进行深入的分析，并进行合理的改进，以避免其再次出现。基本要求1.确定零件所用的材料2.确定零件设计的基本结构3.完成整个零件的结构图及部分零件模具图样的设计图纸主要参考资料及文献1 机械设计手册 单行本 联轴器、离合器与制动器.北京：机械工业出版社,2007年2 机械工程手册,机械零部件设计卷：第五卷：北京：机械工业出版社,19963 施高义,唐金松,喻怀正等编,联轴器.北京：机械工业出版社,19984 汪恺主编.机械设计标准应用手册：第三卷.北京：机械工业出版社，1997摘 要我毕业设计的零件为十字轴式万向联轴
30、器。联轴器属于机械通用零部件范畴，用来联接不同机构中的两根轴（主动轴和从动轴）使之共同旋转以传递扭矩的机械零件。一般动力机大都借助于联轴器与工作机相联接，是机械产品轴系传动最常用的联接部件。万向联轴器用于两轴有较大偏斜角或在工作中有较大角位移的地方，它有多种结构型式，例如：十字轴式、球笼式、球叉式、凸块式、球销式、球铰式、球铰柱塞式、三销式等。其中，十字轴式万向联轴器是应用量较大的万向联轴器。十字轴式万向联轴器是一类容许两轴间具有较大的角位移的联轴器，适用于有较大角位移的两轴之间的连接，一般两轴的轴间角最大可达3545，而且在运转过程可以随时改变两轴的轴间角，其最大特点是：具有较大的角向补偿能
31、力，结构紧凑，传动效率高。但在生产和应用的过程中，十字轴式万向联轴器存在着一系列的的问题，如轴承座螺栓断裂、十字轴断裂等。此次设计的目的是为了对这些问题进行深入的分析，并进行合理的改进，以避免其再次出现。关键词：联轴器，十字轴，传动效率，常规失效形式，改进方法AbstractI graduated designed components for the cross shaft universal coupling. Common areas of mechanical coupling components used to connect two different agencies in t
32、he shaft (driving shaft and driven shaft) to make it to transfer torque common rotating mechanical parts. Most of the general power machine with the help of coupling links the machine work; mechanical products most commonly used drive shaft connection parts. Universal coupling for the two-axis defle
33、ction angle or greater have a greater angular displacement of the work place, it has a variety of structural types, such as: cross-axis, ball cage, ball fork, bump-type, -ball type, ball and socket type, plunger type ball joints, three pin type and so on. Among them, the cross-axis is the applicatio
34、n of universal coupling universal coupling a large amount.Cross-axis is a type of universal coupling between the two axes to allow a larger angular displacement of the coupling for a larger angular displacement of the connection between the two axes, the general two-axis angle between the axis up to
35、 35 45 , but also in the running process can be changed at any time between the two axes of the shaft angle, and its most important feature: a large angle to compensate for capacity, compact, high transmission efficiency.But in the process of production and application, cross shaft universal couplin
36、g there is a series of problems, such as bearing bolt fracture, cross shaft fracture. The design goal is to these issues in-depth analysis, and makes a reasonable improvement, in order to avoid its recurrence.Keywords: coupling, cross shaft, drive efficiency, conventional failure modes, improved met
37、hods目 录1 零件介绍- 4 -1.1 零件介绍- 4 -2 十字轴式万向联轴器问题分析- 4 -3 十字轴式万向联轴器的应用- 6 -4 零件的材料及尺寸精度- 7 -4.1 零件的材料- 7 -4.2 尺寸精度- 8 -5 联轴器的选用程序- 9 -6 万向联轴器的使用与保养- 11 -7 零件各部分运动分析- 12 -7.1 十字轴式万向联轴器的单侧运动分析- 12 -7.2 十字轴式万向联轴器的双侧运动分析- 13 -7.3 十字轴式万向联轴器的传动效率- 16 -7.4 十字轴式万向联轴器的受力分析- 16 -7.5 十字轴式万向联轴器的主要元件- 18 -8 对十字轴式万向联轴
38、器问题的改进- 22 -致 谢- 23 -参考文献- 24 -1 零件介绍1.1 零件介绍工件名称：十字轴式万向联轴器工件简图：如图1.1所示1、3半联轴器 2叉形接头 4十字轴 5销钉 6套筒 7圆柱销图1.1 十字轴式万向联轴器2 十字轴式万向联轴器问题分析联轴器属于机械通用零部件范畴，用来联接不同机构中的两根轴（主动轴和从动轴）使之共同旋转以传递扭矩的机械零件。而十字轴式万向联轴器作为联轴器的一种，是一种通用的传动基础件，它的主要特点是可联接不在同一轴线的两传动轴系，容许两轴间具有较大的角位移，并能可靠地传递转矩和运动。该联轴器具有承载能力高、使用寿命长、运转平稳、无噪音、轴向补偿量大、
39、维护保养简单等优点。主要用于轧钢机械、起重运输机械、石油钻井机械、工程矿山机械、船舶及其它重型机械。十字轴式万向联轴器的由十字轴、十字轴轴承、中间轴、轴叉等元件组成，传递动力的中间受力元件为十字轴。它在使用的过程中，除了发挥其重要作用外也出现着一系列的问题，这些问题可通过对十字轴、法兰叉架及轴承座的分析得出。2.1对十字轴的分析 在十字轴的每个轴头上，轴承座给十字轴的压力由滚针轴承承担，假设该力在沿轴向滚子有效接触长度上均匀分布，则在十字轴断面内，只有受力的半圈轴承滚动体承受载荷，而这半圈内各滚动体承受载荷的大小是不同的，中间的滚动体受力最大，其他的沿两侧逐渐减小，处在最两侧的滚动体受力为零（
40、轴承座内孔的加工精度对此也影响较大）。而十字轴的受力大小则是半圈滚动体所受力的合力。由此，十字轴的受力可简化为大小相同、方向相反的两对力偶。这两对力偶处于主传动与被传动轴所决定的平面内，如不计两轴的倾角，则构成两力偶的力均在十字轴轴线平面内。通过在软件SOLIDWORKS中建立十字轴的实体模型，将实际中十字轴受到的力与力矩作用于十字轴4个轴头受力的半圆柱面上，则可显示整个十字轴的应力值分布、各部位受力后的位移以及及强度安全系数等。分析表明，十字轴头的截面积剪切应力与扭矩完全满足要求，但是轴头根部两过渡圆角的应力值是受力中的最大值，应力梯度非常大，尤其是圆角较小处更是如此，应力集中较为明显，在交
41、变载荷下极易产生疲劳，是裂纹和断裂产生的根源。2.2对法兰叉架及轴承座的分析 法兰叉架轴承座可看作是悬臂梁结构，轴承座根部一侧受拉应力，另一侧受压应力，其叉架根部不仅受到大小为F的力作用，还受到力矩为FH的作用。在此力与力矩的交变作用下，叉架轴承座与法兰连接的根部便是疲劳产生与断裂的根源。由此，轴承座的中心高度H和轴承座根部过渡圆弧大小的结构设计对法兰叉架的强度影响很大。轴承座内孔圆周表面一侧承受压应力，一侧则不受力。轴承座受的力通过连接轴承座的螺栓，使得螺栓承受拉应力，因此，螺栓的预紧力就显得尤为重要。螺栓的预紧力使得上轴承座与下轴承座接触面内产生接触压力，随着预紧力的增大，接触压力也上升。
42、这种预紧力的变化随传递扭矩的增大而增大。如果预紧力较小，而传递扭矩过大，则受力侧的上下轴承座间压力可能下降为零，这时上下轴承座间将出现间隙，而扭矩减小时，间隙会消失，从而产生冲击，而此时为保证传动，与其对称的另一轴承座将会受到很大的力而率先导致疲劳断裂，这对十字轴的使用寿命是极为不利的。另一方面，如果螺栓的预紧量太大，螺栓的拉应力也随着增大，螺栓极易被拉断。由上，我们可将出现的问题概括为以下三点，即（1）轴承座螺栓断裂 ；（2） 十字轴断裂；（3） 轴承座、叉头根部裂纹。针对以上问题，我们可以采取相应的措施来降低或避免其发生。3 十字轴式万向联轴器的应用十字轴式万向联轴器在我们的生活中应用十分
43、广泛下面列举其中的两例作为介绍：实例1 下图为轧钢机的传动示意图。由于在轧钢过程中，需要经常调节轧辊的上下位置，所以齿轮座轴线与轧辊轴线之间的距离h要经常变化，这就需要用双万向联轴节来作为齿轮与轧辊之间的中间传动装置。 图3.1 轧钢机的传动示意图实例2 众所周知，汽车行驶时由于道路的不平会引起变速箱输出轴和后桥输入轴相对位置的变化，只有采用双万向联轴节才能实现两轴之间的运动传递。 图 3.2 汽车中的万向联轴节十字轴式万象联轴器在轧钢机的应用过程中，由于联轴器本身存在的问题，经常会因为承载能力达不到设计要求，经常会出现轴承座螺栓裂纹、断裂及十字轴断裂等事故，影响正常工作。下面我们将系统介绍一
44、下十字轴式万向联轴器生产制造时的材料选择、尺寸精度及工作时的各部分运动，进而达到改进前熟悉了解零件的效果。4 零件的材料及尺寸精度4.1 零件的材料零件由十字轴、十字轴承、轴承座、轴叉等部分组成，选用了合金钢40Cr作为联轴器十字轴的材料，热处理后硬度5862HRC，；45钢作为其他零件的材料，均采用制造并热处理4852HRC。对于该零件材料选择的基本原则要求主要是：4.1.1 满足使用要求 设计机械零件的基本原则之一是工作可靠。零件的材料直接影响着其强度、刚度、耐磨性、耐蚀性、耐热性、疲劳寿命、重量、美观等，应根据零件的工况选择适当的材料。如零件承受较大载荷或要求尺寸小重量轻，应选择高强度合
45、金钢；零件承受较大冲击载荷，需要选择韧性好的合金钢；构成摩擦副的零件要求耐磨性好，应按摩擦学设计来选择减摩耐磨性好的材料配对，如磨损主要是磨粒磨损时，一般应选淬火钢 ； 工作时要接触腐蚀性气体或液体的零件，要针对造成腐蚀的具体情况，选择合适的耐腐蚀的材料。 当某个零件对设备的正常使用非常重要时，应选择质量可靠的材料。4.1.2 满足工艺要求 便于加工是设计机械零件时也必须遵守的一个原则。零件是否便于加工直接关系到零件的成本和制造时间。生产形状复杂铸造毛坯零件，一般要选择铸铁，受力较大时选择铸钢。生产形状复杂、单件或小批量的零件，可以用钢板或型钢焊接。冲压件应选择塑性好的低碳钢或铜合金等材料。在
46、机器制造过程中，切削加工方法占有重要位置，材料的切削加工性能主要指材料被切削的难易程度、材料被切削后的表面粗糙度和刀具的寿命。材料成分、组织和热处理不同的零件，其切削加工性是不同的，甚至差异很大。对大批量生产的零件，要特别重视材料的机械加工性能。在材料手册中，对具体材料的加工性能有简要的说明。 设计零件时，也要注意热处理工艺性。如结构形状复杂的零件，应选择选择淬透性好的钢材，其变形小。4.1.3 满足经济性要求 降低零件成本，是提高产品价格竞争力的一个重要途径。价格低廉，是设计零件时要遵守的原则之一。在满足使用性能的前提下，选用零件材料时要注意降低零件的总成本。零件的总成本主要包含材料的价格和
47、加工等费用。 不同材料的价格可能相差几倍，甚至几十倍。在金属材料中，碳钢和铸铁的价格相对较低，其加工工艺性能较好。所以，在满足机械性能要求的前提下，宜优先选择碳钢或铸铁。在选材时还应考虑材料的供应情况，品种尽量少，便于采购和管理。4.2 尺寸精度该零件未标注公差的尺寸，根据零件的使用性能，可按IT6级制造。5 联轴器的选用程序5.1选用标准联轴器设计人员在选择联轴器时首先应在已经制定为国家标准、机械行业标准以及获国家专利的联轴器中选择，只有在现有标准联轴器和专利联轴器不能满足设计需要时才需自己设计联轴器。 5.2选择联轴器品种、型式了解联轴器在传动系统中的综合功能，从传动系统总体设计考虑，选择
48、联轴器品种、型式。根据原动机类别和工作载荷类别、工作转速、传动精度、两轴偏移状况、温度、湿度、工作环境等综合因素选择联轴器的品种。根据配套主机的需要选择联轴器的结构型式，当联轴器与制动器配套使用时，宜选择带制动轮或制动盘型式的联轴器；需要过载保护时，宜选择安全联轴器；与法兰联接时，宜选择法兰式；长距离传动，联接的轴向尺寸较大时，宜选择接中间轴型或接中间套型。 5.3联轴器转矩计算传动系统中动力机的功率应大于工件机所需功率。根据动力机的功率和转速可计算得到与动力机相联接的高速端的理论短矩T；根据工况系数K及其他有关系数，可计算联轴器的计算转矩Tc。联轴器T与n成反比，因此低速端T大于高速端T。 5.4初选联轴器型号根据计