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1、How to write an abstract,Dr. Steve Wallace,The problem with motivation as a researcher,Why computer games? - Tell our own story - 1) motivation - 2) clear mission - 3) try different ways to succeed - 4) quantified success - 5) make a difference in my online world Highly effective researchers stay mo
2、tivated We need excitement and purpose in our research,Writing research is telling our own story,Research is interesting for the same reasons Research can “tell our story” - motivation ( background ) - mission (objective) - try different ways to succeed (methods) - quantified success (results) - imp
3、act (implications or discussion) We must find motivation in our research,Abstract Elements Mirror the Paper,1) Reason for writing: Motivation Why should we be interested? 2) Problem: Clear mission What problem do we attempt to solve? 3) Methodology: Ways to succeed What approach do we use to solve t
4、he problem? 4) Results: Quantify progress What happened? 5) Implications: Making a difference in the world How does this work add to the body of knowledge on the topic?,Simpler abstract structure,6 questions Why this study? What did you investigate? What did you do? What did you find out? What do yo
5、ur results mean? So what?,Heroes vs. Researchers,Both are judged by their problems Both use methods to achieve their results Both serve as a lesson for others Both can live or die but keep their hero status if the problem is interesting,Stories vs. Research,Both must be interesting or they wont be r
6、etold or cited Interesting = help solve a problem Both can end good or bad Both must be well told - Sometimes the way we tell the story is more important than the story itself,Reasons for major revision or rejection of Taiwanese journal papers,Why is an abstract important?,Used for conferences and p
7、apers Published in computerized databases and printed indexes abstracts for scholars Often you are cited based only on abstract Indicative and informative and descriptive We will discuss the structured informative,Purpose of the abstract,Like a movie preview -15 seconds Should create a “why” for rea
8、ding the paper, something feared or needed Unlike a movie preview it should be able to stand alone and be read as a separate unit Apple example,Choose an interesting title,If the title is boring, readers will avoid your paper. Your paper wont be cited. Never try to put all the content of your paper
9、in the title. One line is best. Never use more than two lines. Avoid starting with “On the.“. It implies that the paper is a note.,The Title,Informative title = the key concept, the device or group studied and your argument. Title and subtitle separated by a colon is often a good way to maximize inf
10、ormation Choose a title after writing the abstract,Titles,A good title should contain the fewest possible words that describe the contents of a paper Convey the main findings of the research Be specific and concise without focusing on only part of the content Avoid jargon, non-standard abbreviations
11、 and unnecessary detail Comply with word limits Some journals also require a shorter running title,Titles,Poor title: Mouse Behavior A better title would be: The Effects of Estrogen on the Nose-Twitch Courtship Behavior in Mice Why? Because the key words identify a specific behavior, a modifying age
12、nt, and the experimental organism. Or give the result Estrogen Stimulates Intensity of Nose-Twitch Courtship Behavior in Mice,1) Motivation,Why did you study the problem? We need a “why” before we care about “how” Why do you want to kill the monster? Dont assume people know Fear and relevance - Fear
13、 of not understanding the solution must be stronger than fear of reading the paper,Context and background,History of the problem ( A long, long, time ago, in a land far, far, away) We mention other heroes or researchers who have fought similar problems with similar weapons,Example of motivation in a
14、n abstract,“Previous research on GPS calibration focused mainly on the methods of integrating costly auxiliary hardware, ignoring the users context information and basic demands.”,Example of Motivation,“Research reported by Daly, Miller, and their colleagues suggests that writing apprehension is rel
15、ated to a number of factors we do not yet fully understand.”,Problem statement or Objective,Problem: What problem does this work attempt to solve? What does the monster look like? Are you trying to kill it?,Solutions and problems,Dont think your reader will know what your problem is If we dont know
16、where we are going we cant get there and there is no way to evaluate success,Problem statement or Objective,Our “mission” in a computer game and research uses a “to” statement “to save the princess” “to kill the monsters” “to obtain the treasure”,Example abstract problem statement,This paper present
17、s an approach for calibrating GPS position by using the context awareness technique from Pervasive Computing. The paper proposes a novel approach, called Perceptive GPS (PGPS) to improve GPS positioning accuracy directly from the contextual information of received GPS data.,Example abstract problem
18、statement,The theoretical modeling of the wave forms that would be produced in particular systems will expedite the search and analysis of the detected signals. The characteristic formulation of GR is implemented to obtain an algorithm capable of evolving black holes in 3D asymptotically flat spacet
19、imes.,Methodology:,Methodology: What did you do? An abstract may include specific models or approaches. How did you kill the monster?,Methods,What weapon did we use to kill our monster? A sword? Shield? Spear? Or something novel? If the method is commonly known in our field we dont need detail If it
20、 is novel we need to define it so following heroes can imitate our method,Sample abstract - methodology,To utilize the characteristics of GPS sequential and temporal data, PGPS starts by sampling received GPS data and builds a stable Transition Probability Matrix (TPM), based on a derived Newton Mar
21、kov Model (NMM), to learn the carriers behavior.,Sample abstract - methodology,Using compactification techniques, future null infinity is included in the evolved region, which enables the unambiguous calculation of the radiation produced by some compact source. A module to calculate the waveforms is
22、 constructed and included in the evolution algorithm.,Results,Results: What did you find out? Include specific data that indicates the results of the project. Did we kill the monster or did it kill us? .,Results,Be specific: Conclude that something is faster, cheaper, smaller, or better than somethi
23、ng else Avoid general words such as “very“, “small“, or “significant.“ Dont mix with the methods section,Sample abstract - results,Significant differences in levels of belief in giftedness were also found among students who differed in their perceptions of the most important purpose for writing, wit
24、h students who identified “to express your own feelings about something“ as the most important purpose for writing having the highest mean level of belief in giftedness.”,Sample Abstract - Results,“The results showed that signals do improve a readers comprehension, particularly comprehension two wee
25、ks after the reading of a passage and comprehension of subordinate and superordinate inferential information.”,Implications,What do your results mean? Who cares? What changes should be implemented because of your research? How does this research add to the knowledge on the topic? How could you have
26、done better defeating your monster? What lessons can other heroes learn for fighting their monsters?,Implications,What are the implications of your answer? Is it going to change the world? Be a significant contribution? Be a nice project? Or warn other researchers that this area is a waste of time?
27、All of these are appropriate conclusions.,Implications (continued),Can mention “we” here in the discussion section. “We believe” “It is our opinion that” “They lived happily ever after”,Sample abstract - implications,“The code carefully excises a region surrounding the singularity and accurately evo
28、lves generic black hole spacetimes with apparently unlimited stability.”,Sample abstract - implications,“Although the validity of the notion that writing ability is a special gift is not directly addressed, the results suggest that belief in giftedness may have deleterious effects on student writers
29、.”,Previous research on GPS calibration focused mainly on the methods of integrating costly auxiliary hardware, ignoring the users context information and basic demands. This paper presents an approach for calibrating GPS position by using the context awareness technique from Pervasive Computing. Th
30、e paper proposes a novel approach, called Perceptive GPS (PGPS) to improve GPS positioning accuracy directly from the contextual information of received GPS data. To utilize the characteristics of GPS sequential and temporal data, PGPS starts by sampling received GPS data and builds a stable Transit
31、ion Probability Matrix (TPM), based on a derived Newton Markov Model (NMM), to learn the carriers behavior. From the perceptive data of the stable TPM and online received GPS data, PGPS infers the behavior of the GPS carrier to verify the rationality of the GPS data and then interactively rectifies
32、received GPS data online. Preliminary experimental results show the proposed approach effectively improves the accuracy of GPS positioning. NCU class homework,Research reported by Daly, Miller, and their colleagues suggests that writing apprehension is related to a number of factors we do not yet fu
33、lly understand. This study suggests that included among those factors should be the belief that writing ability is a gift. Giftedness, as it is referred to in the study, is roughly equivalent to the Romantic notion of original genius. Results from a survey of 247 postsecondary students enrolled in i
34、ntroductory writing courses at two institutions indicate that higher levels of belief in giftedness are correlated with higher levels of writing apprehension, lower self-assessments of writing ability, lower levels of confidence in achieving proficiency in certain writing activities and genres, and
35、lower self-assessments of prior experience with writing instructors. Significant differences in levels of belief in giftedness were also found among students who differed in their perceptions of the most important purpose for writing, with students who identified “to express your own feelings about
36、something“ as the most important purpose for writing having the highest mean level of belief in giftedness. Although the validity of the notion that writing ability is a special gift is not directly addressed, the results suggest that belief in giftedness may have deleterious effects on student writ
37、ers. Palmquist, M., & Young, R. (1992). The Notion of Giftedness and Student Expectations About Writing. Written Communication, 9(1), 137-168.,The problem of detecting gravitational radiation is receiving considerable attention with the construction of new detectors in the United States, Europe and
38、Japan. The theoretical modeling of the wave forms that would be produced in particular systems will expedite the search and analysis of the detected signals. The characteristic formulation of GR is implemented to obtain an algorithm capable of evolving black holes in 3D asymptotically flat spacetime
39、s. Using compactification techniques, future null infinity is included in the evolved region, which enables the unambiguous calculation of the radiation produced by some compact source. A module to calculate the waveforms is constructed and included in the evolution algorithm. This code is shown to
40、be second-order convergent and to handle highly non-linear spacetimes. In particular, we have shown that the code can handle spacetimes whose radiation is equivalent to a galaxy converting its whole mass into gravitational radiation in one second. We further use the characteristic formulation to tre
41、at the region close to the singularity in black hole spacetimes. The code carefully excises a region surrounding the singularity and accurately evolves generic black hole spacetimes with apparently unlimited stability. Luis Lehner, “Gravitational radiation from black hole spacetimes“ Ph.D. Universit
42、y of Pittsburgh, 1998 DAI-B 59/06, p. 2797, Dec 1998,This study investigated the role of “signaling“ in helping good readers comprehend expository text. As the existing literature on signaling, reviewed in the last issue of the Journal, pointed to deficiencies in previous studies methodologies, one
43、goal of this study was to refine prose research methods. Two passages were designed in one of eight signaled versions each. The design was constructed to assess the individual and combined effect of headings, previews, and logical connectives. The study also assessed the effect of passage length, fa
44、miliarity and difficulty. The results showed that signals do improve a readers comprehension, particularly comprehension two weeks after the reading of a passage and comprehension of subordinate and superordinate inferential information. This study supports the hypothesis that signals can influence
45、retention of text-based information, particularly with long, unfamiliar, or difficult passages. Ref. Houp & Pearsall, Reporting Technical Information, 7th edition, Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992,Conclusion to abstract,We are looking for a motivation, mission, quantified success and impact, so we are
46、 attracted to online games because they keep us motivated We must find ways to motivate ourselves in our research writing life We are telling stories, we are solving problems, we do have a mission, we are successful, we are making an impact But none of this is possible unless we first believe we are
47、.,Conference Abstracts,Why go to conferences?,To get published -Meet your reviewers Stay at the conference hotel Buy coffee Birds of a feather (BOFs) and Special interest groups (SIGs) -Meet your editor Get invited to submit See what the editor wants -Meet coauthors Share your research with your fie
48、ld Get feedback that can make your work better,Proceedings,Fast way to get a publication Ask about being included in this book or CD May become a textbook,What are the different conference types,Theme based conferences General conferences Professional conferences Types: COLLOQUIUM SYMPOSIUM - single
49、 or multiple track WEB CONFERENCING WEBINAR,Conference Paper Types,Paper with Respondent Panel Presentation Roundtable Workshop Poster, Poster Talk, Poster Presentation, Poster Discussion,When to submit a conference abstract,When you have data and analysis. Dont submit if you have not started your study Your study does not need to be completed when you submit the abstract. The conference paper is the first step to publication. You can submit an abstract for research you have already submitted for publication. As long as the paper has not been published when you su