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1、How to teach English phonetics in junior secondary schools 初中英语语音教学,责任专家：刘道义,Questions for discussion (思考题） Why teach phonetics 为什么教语音？ What kind of accent to teach 教哪种英语语音？ What to teach 语音教学包含哪些内容？ When to teach phonetics 何时安排语音教学？ How to teach phonetics 怎样教语音？,Why teach phonetics 为什么教语音？,To help
2、lay a good foundation for learning English vocabulary 语音为词汇学习打基础 To help with listening and speaking 语音影 响听说 To affect reading and writing 语音影响读写,Why teach phonetics 为什么教语音？,To build up studentsconfidence in learning English 好语音能增强学习英语 的信心 To improve intelligibility 语音影响表意 To create a favorable impr
3、ession 语音 影响形象,Why is teaching phonetics important?,What problems do students have with English pronunciation? Using the wrong sound Making long vowels short Leaving sounds out,Why is teaching phonetics important?,Adding sounds Putting stress on the wrong syllable in a word Putting stress on the wro
4、ng word in a sentence Using the wrong intonation pattern (G. Poedjosoedarmo, 2007),What kind of accent to teach 教哪种英语语音？,What are the main varieties of English accent? SSB (Standard Southern British) rather than RP (Received Pronunciation) GA (General American),What kind of accent to teach 教哪种英语语音？,
5、Which accent should we teach？ Either SSB or GA as a basis Better to expose students to a variety of accents, so that they will be able to understand most people they meet.,What to teach 语音教学包含哪些内容？,What is required in the Curriculum Standards? 1. Pronunciation of 26 letters a, e, i (y), o, u in stre
6、ssed/unstressed syllables Vowel combinations in stressed syllables Common vowel combinations in stressed syllables,What to teach 语音教学包含哪些内容？,Consonant combinations (ch, dg, th, tch, ph, ng, nk) Consonant clusters (bl-, cl-, fl-, gl-, br-, cr-, sm-, sp-, pr-, qu-) Syllabic sounds (ble, -ple, -cle, -g
7、le, -dle, -sin, -ten, -ven),2. Word stress and sentence stress 3. Sound variation liaison （连读） incomplete explosive weak form assimilation （同化）,What to teach 语音教学包含哪些内容？,4. Intonation and rhythm sense group and pausing rising and falling tones rhythm,What to teach 语音教学包含哪些内容？,Use of pronunciation, i
8、ntonation, stress and rhythm in oral communication 6. Pronunciation and enunciation skills in reading aloud and speeches 7. English pronunciation differences in major English speaking countries (mainly taught in senior high school),What to teach 语音教学包含哪些内容？,Phonic work Without learning phonetic symb
9、ols （IPA）直拼法,Letters have sounds. (24) Sounds make up words. Letters combine in syllables to make words. CV CVC CVCE CCVC CVVC CVCC , etc,Phonic work Without learning phonetic symbols （IPA）直拼法,Many words follow a regular pattern, but many dont. Connect spelling with pronunciation 听其音知其形，见其形知其音,Lette
10、rs have sounds,方法一：掐头法学读音 读下列辅音字母名称音，将其第一个音去掉，余下的音 即为该字母在单词中的读音。,Ff /ef/,Ll /el/,Mm /em/,Nn /en/,Ss /es/,Xx /eks/,/f/,/l/,/m/,/n/,/s/,/ks/,Example 1 案例一,读下列辅音字母名称音，将其后面的音去掉，余下的音 即为该字母在单词中的读音。,Zz /zi:/,Vv /vi:/,Bb /bi:/,Dd /di:/,Cc /si:/,Jj /d3eI/,Pp /pi:/,Kk /keI/,Tt /ti:/,/b/,/s/ /k/,/d/,/d3/,/k/,/
11、p/,/t/,/v/,/z/,方法二：去尾法学音素,Gg Hh Yy Ww Rr,读下列辅音字母在单词中的读音与汉语拼音g，h，y，w，r有相似之处，注意不要混淆。,egg 鸡蛋,hen 母鸡,yes 是的,well 好的,red 红色的,/g/,/h/,/j/,/w/,/r/,/eg/,/hen/,/jes/,/wel/,/red/,方法三：对比法学读音,Teach phonetic symbols （IPA）教音标 Vowels and consonants元音和辅音的读音示范,有声版国际音标表,a, e, i (y), o, u in stressed syllables,Open Cl
12、ose a name /e/ map / e we /i:/ wet /e/ i hi /a/ hit / (y) why /a/ physics / o note / not / u flute /u:/ flush /,a, e, i, o, u, y in unstressed syllables,Vowel letter combinations in stressed syllables,R-syllables ar /:/ art car far hard garden er /:/ her hers term nerve service ir /:/ sir bird girl
13、firm thirty or /:/ or for torn morn forty ur /:/ urge fur hurt nurse turning,Vowel letter & vowel letter combinations in stressed syllables 元音字母及其字母组合在重读音节中的读音,/i:/ e ea ee i ie be each feel police field / i e bit England /e/ e ea a best head many / a bank / u o but come love front mother,Vowel lett
14、er & vowel letter combinations in stressed syllables,/:/ or ore oor our al ar born more door four call war au aw ou(gh) cause draw brought /:/ a(n) a(s) a(th) al ar au dance class father half farm aunt /e/ a ai ay eigh cage rain May eight /a/ i ie igh y hike die light fly / o o(ld) o(st) oa ow hope
15、hold most road grow,Vowel letter & vowel letter combinations in stressed syllables,/:/ er ir ur or ear certain first turn word early / u oo ou full foot could /u: / u o oo ew blue move cool flew /ju:/ u ew use new / o a crop want,Vowel letter & vowel letter combinations in stressed syllables,/a/ ou
16、ow count brown / oi oy coin toy / ea ear eer ere idea dear deer here /e/ air are ear eir ere chair care bear their where / our ure oor tour sure poor,Sounds make up words,Letters combine in syllables to make words. CV(V) he she no by hi tea die day VC(C) at is us on off ebb add ant CVC hat hen did t
17、op cut get fan van CVCE hate Pete home cute kite fame CCVC thin ship than chat shot knot plug CVVC lead coat loud food foot dial CVCC fish cash neck bank cent want Many words follow a regular pattern, but many dont. give have two one climb often Wednesday,Can you read these words?,dab den cod cluck
18、braid dado 轻拍 巢穴 鳕 咯咯叫 辫子 墙裙 duck chuck chuckle 抛，扔 暗自笑 lot log loggerhead 原木 笨蛋 fun fund fundamental 基金 基本的,Word syllables,cot cottage cottager 幼儿床 村舍 村民 pan panel panelist 专门小组 小组成员 myth mythical mythology 神话的 神话,Assignment 1 作业（1）,请对您正在使用的一册初中课本中的词汇做一调查，把符合拼读规则的单词挑出来，按照元音字母或元音字母组合在重读音节中的拼读规则归类。,C
19、onsonants & common consonant combinations,Consonant clusters,/pl-/ please /pr-/ pride /sl-/ slow /bl-/ bleed /fr-/ fry /sm-/ smoke /fl-/ fleet /kr-/ cry /sn-/ snow /kl-/ clean /r-/ gride /sw-/ swan /l-/ gleam /br-/ bright /sp-/ speak /r-/ through /sk-/ skate /st-/ star,Syllabic sounds,/b/, /p/, /t/,
20、 /d/, /k/, /, /f/, /v/, /s/,/z/,/ + /m/, /n/, /l/ Examples: able apple little middle uncle single often novel person reason bottom seven pencil puzzle lesson fashion version,Assignment 2 作业（2）,请根据前面列举的辅音字母和辅音字母组合的拼读规则，从现行初中课本中找出合适的例词来，完成以下表格。表格的开头示例如下：,Word stress,A word with two or more than two sy
21、llables has word stress. Two syllables doctor teacher worker . again repeat excuse . ,Word stress,Three syllables or more elephant Saturday exercise visitor . tomato expensive suggestion . . ability alternative,Sentence stress a book a Chinese book ink and paper Liaison an English class bread and mi
22、lk it is there is good idea think about it as a matter of fact,Incomplete explosion right now around the corner dont know egg plant eight pictures ask the doctor Sound change Would you.? Nice to meet you. Did you.?,Intonation the falling and rising tones,Im an English teacher. Sit down, please., , .
23、 . ., ., . ,Intonation the falling and rising tones,Whose eraser is this? Is the book on the shelf yours? Are the boxes yours or theirs?, . . ,. . _ . . _ ,. . _ . ,You dont have any brother or sister, do you? What a beautiful day, isnt it？, . . . . .,. . . . . . . , . . . ., . . . . ,Sense group, p
24、ausing and rhythm,Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are. Up above the world so high, Like a diamond in the sky. Twinkle, twinkle, little star, How I wonder what you are. He saidthat he wouldnt be able to come tomorrow.,Assignment 3 作业（3）,请朗读下面一首小诗，并标出重读音节和语调： Who has seen the wind
25、? Neither I nor you. But when the leaves hang trembling The wind is passing thro.,Assignment 3 作业（3）,请朗读下面一首小诗，并标出重读音节和语调： Who has seen the wind? Neither you nor I. But when the trees bow down their heads The wind is passing by. Cristina Rossetti,When to teach phonetics 何时安排语音教学？,Pronunciation pract
26、ice should come more often at the beginning stage. 起始阶段安排语音教学 Correcting a pronunciation error on the spot 当场纠音,语音教学贯穿英语教学的全过程,When to teach phonetics 何时安排语音教学？,A planned activity which is in conjunction with focus on words and structure. 结合词汇与句型教学 Phonetics should be taught in connection with meani
27、ngful language practice (e.g. with listening, speaking, reading and writing practice). 结合四项技能训练进行,Three stages of phonetic teaching in junior high school,Stage 1 From letters to sounds: a name e he i kite o no u blue Stage 2 From sounds to letters or letter combinations: /i:/ e ea ee i ie be each fe
28、el police field,Three stages of phonetic teaching in junior high school,Stage 3 Suprasegmental features (超切分音位特征，即朗读技巧） word stress, sentence stress, liaison, explosive, assimilation, intonation, pause, rhythm, etc,How to teach phonetics 怎样教语音？,Contrast English features with Chinese features (langua
29、ge transfer and interference) Phonic work without learning IPA (国际音标） Teach phonetic symbols （IPA）,How to teach phonetics 怎样教语音？,Connect phonetic teaching with practice of words, phrases，sentences, texts, etc Train the ears and tongue through listening and speaking Use computers to teach pronunciati
30、on and intonation,Contrast English features with Chinese features,Similar but not exactly the same A a 爱 E e 衣 I i 哀 O o 欧 U u 幼 English voiced consonants are much stronger than the Chinese ones,Contrast English features with Chinese features,English unvoiced consonants are much weaker than the Chin
31、ese ones Some consonants are almost the same f l Some consonants are not available in Chinese v Some consonant combinations are very close c(/ts/) z(/dz/) ch ng sh j m n w,Analyze students common problems,What are some of your students problems in pronunciation in your area? Can they tell the differ
32、ence between the following pairs of sounds?,/l, n/,/n,/,/t,/,/l, r/,/,d/,/s, /,/v,w /,/e, a/,/s, /,/z, /,/i:, /,/e,/,/e,/,/e, e/,/,/,北京,湖南,四川,湖北,东北,江苏,上海,The problems depend on the features of their 1st lge.,How to help correct students errors in pronouncing sounds,Playing with the tongue Use graphs
33、, fingers, mimics, etc.,How to help correct students errors in pronouncing sounds,Accustoming the ear Use minimal pairs （最小对立体）,A sheep,A ship,/ i:/,sheep,/ i /,ship,Whats this?,Oh! Its a sheep!,Whats that?,Oh! Its a ship!,A sheep is not a ship! A ship is not a sheep!,/ e /,bed,/ /,cat,Example 3 案例三
34、 ：广东韶关陈文英、邓彩芬老师提供,Whats this?,Its a bed.,Whats on the bed?,Oh! My god! Its a cat!,A cat is on the bed!,/ 3: /,/ /,a bird,the worker,The worker has a bird.,the worker,/a:/,father,Father is not fa de(拼音); 爸爸 is not /ba: ba:/,/,mother,Father and mother, mother and father, they give me a hug(拥抱)!,/ : /,
35、door,/ D /,dog,Look! Its a door.,Whats behind the door？,Oh, its a dog.,A dog is behind the door.,cool,look,Oh, you look so cool!,/ /,/u:/,/ I/,name,I my,e,/ I/,a,Whats your name? My name is Mike.,Whats your name? I am Kate.,boy,goal (得分,进球,射门),/ i/,/3:/,girl,A goal and a girl.,/ /,The girl is kickin
36、g a goal.,The boy is looking at the girl.,We kick a goal but cant kick a girl.,/a /,out,here,there,sure,Lets say it out: Here and there, we are the best! Are you sure? Yes! Here and there, we are the best!,/i /,/e /,/ /,Connect phonetic teaching with practice of words, phrases，sentences, texts, etc,
37、English alphabet 英语字母,Sounds 音素,Words 词,Phrases 短语,Sentences 句子,Texts 话语、篇章、课文,Practical Writing 应用文,Stories/ Novels 故事、小说,Reports 报道文,Poems 诗歌,Letters,Diaries,Messages,Computer-aided teaching of pronunciation,Pronunciation power by English Computerized Learning Inc., Blackstone Multimedia Corporati
38、on (animations showing how sounds are produced; sound discrimination) Compare the users waveform with the sample,Example 4 案例四,浙江省特级教师张学雅老师单元拼音练习(见附件） Example 5 案例五 课堂教学录像(北大附小李瑜老师）,Example 5 (video),Ar makes / sound. Er, ir, or, ur make / or / sound. Today is Turtles birthday. She is wearing a skir
39、t. Here comes her friend bird. Happy birthday to you, Turtle!,Reference 参考资料,G. Poedjosoedarmo, 中小学英语教师发展丛书，语音教学入门，人民教育出版社，2007年10月 课程教材研究所：新中国中小学教材建设史1949-2000研究丛书英语卷，人教社，2010年10月 教语音教外国学生说英语的参考书，中国人民大学出版社，2002年6月,Reference 参考资料,曲明文主编：英语语音进阶，上海交通大学出版社，1999年9月 葆青， 实用英语语音， 高等教育出版社，1988 唐锡玲、黄秀萍，英语语音基础，东北师大出版社，2001,Thanks！,