1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题Comtes philosophical successor, who carried on both his phenomenalist and presentationalist philosophy into the social arena of politics and ethics, was John Stuart Mill. But first we must turn to an even greater influence on Mills views, one of the leading
2、radical reformers of the nineteenth century, Jeremy Bentham.Born in London, the son of a leading attorney, Bentham was a child prodigy who began studying history and Latin at the age of three. At twelve he entered Queens College in Oxford and earned his B. A. in three years and his M. A. two years l
3、ater at the age of seventeen. His father expected him to become a practicing lawyer, but Bentham was far more interested in the philosophical foundations of ethics, morality, and legal theory. He traveled widely throughout Europe and wrote his first essay on economics in Russia. In 1792 he became a
4、citizen of France.Benthams main philosophical influences were Locke and Hume. When he read Humes Treatise and Human Nature he said it was as if scales fell from eyes. He went on to publish several books on political and legal theory, but it was his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legisl
5、ation that made him a powerful and influential international figure. In his Principles he laid the groundwork for utilitarianism; as developed by Mill (whom we shall consider in the next section), his theory is still today one of the leading moral theories in the world.Bentham defines his principle
6、of utility as that property in any object whereby it tends to produce pleasure, good or happiness, or to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered. According to Bentham, this principle takes account of the two main motives for all human ac
7、tionpain and pleasure. Governments, social, political and legal institutions, as well as individual citizens, should follow the Greatest Happiness Principle: choose that course of action that leads to the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. His utilitarianism, designed to free peop
8、le from oppressive laws and to make governing bodies moral, provided a foundation to many democratic societies. Since leaders as well as individuals are thus morally bound to follow the same universal principle and one that is readily accessible to everyonewe all know what pain and pleasure are ther
9、e can be no manipulation, through rhetoric, of the weak by the powerful. In Benthams system we are each our own best judge as to how best to live and attain happiness.He openly called for the rejection of all monarchies and established churches, claiming that all government is in itself one vast evi
10、l. The only justification for putting such evil into place would be to prevent some greater evil; governments should therefore never stray from the principle of utilitythe greatest happiness for the greatest number. Among Benthams many disciples, the most famous is John Stuart Mill, who further deve
11、loped utilitarianism but along rather different lines.1.What does the author probably mean by scales fell from eyes in the third paragraph?2.Which of the following can best explain the quotes in the fourth paragraph of Benthams definition of principle of utility?3.How did Bentham influence the world
12、 according to the passage?4.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?5.Which of the following would most likely follow this passage?问题1选项A.His eyes were full of tears.B.His eyes became smaller.C.He was enlightened.D.He could see clearly.问题2选项A.Utility can be regarded as a q
13、uality which is likely to bring happiness or stop the occurrence of unhappiness to interested parties.B.Utility is a kind of possession by which concerned people can get happiness and avoid unhappiness.C.The principle of utility is the principle of the greatest happiness for the greatest number of p
14、eople.D.The principle of utility is the belief that the value of a thing or an action is determined by its utility.问题3选项A.He influenced the philosophers in the whole world.B.He contributed to overthrowing all the monarchies and churches.C.His theory has changed the moral value of the modem world.D.T
15、he moral foundation to many modern democracies traces back to his theory.问题4选项A.Bentham had great influence on Locke and Hume, as well as on Mill.B.Both Bentham and Mill were Comtes philosophical successors.C.Benthams father was disappointed that he didnt become an attorney.D.Bentham contributed mor
16、e than Mill to the foundation of utilitarianism.问题5选项A.The introduction of John Stuart Mill.B.The introduction of Comte.C.The introduction of Hume.D.The introduction of utilitarianism.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句，“Benthams main philosophical influences were Locke and Hume. Whe
17、n he read Humes Treatise and Human Nature he said it was as if scales fell from eyes.”，可知 边沁的主要哲学影响是Locke和Hume。当他读到Hume的论人的本性时，他说这就像从眼睛上掉下来的鳞片。可判断出Hume给他带来了很大的影响。选项C符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第四段，“should follow the Greatest Happiness Principle: choose that course of action that leads to the greatest happiness f
18、or the greatest number of people.”，可知它遵循最大的幸福原则：选择能为大多数人带来最大幸福的行动方式。可判断出效用原则是为大多数人带来最大幸福的原则。选项C符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章第四段，“His utilitarianism, designed to free people from oppressive laws and to make governing bodies moral, provided a foundation to many democratic societies.”，可知他的功利主义，旨在将人民从压迫性的法律中解放出来，并使管理
19、机构具有道德，为许多民主社会提供了基础。可判断出许多现代民主国家的道德基础可以追溯到他的理论。选项D符合题意。4.根据文章第三段，“Benthams main philosophical influences were Locke and Hume.”，可知边沁的哲学思想受到了Locke和Hume的影响，并没有受到Mill的影响，选项A不符合文意，可排除。根据史实，Bentham的思想先于Comte产生，选项B可排除。根据文章第二段，提到边沁的父亲希望他成为律师，只是阐述了事实，并没有提及父亲的想法和情感。选项C可排除。选项D符合题意。5.推断题。根据文章最后一句，“Among Bentham
20、s many disciples, the most famous is John Stuart Mill, who further developed utilitarianism but along rather different lines.”，可知在边沁的众多弟子中，最著名的是约翰斯图亚特密尔，他进一步发展了功利主义，但却走了截然不同的路。可判断出下文最可能继续介绍Mill以及他的主要思想。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题 Broadly speaking, I （1）the experience of would-be public intellectuals into two for
21、ms. In the period of the 1960s and 1970s, those working for social justice （2）intellectual work against the background of a world under construction- thought and action remained allied and the link to policy remained （3） for intellectuals to move beyond mere word games. In thel980s and early 1990s,
22、those intellectuals working for social justice in education faced a world under deconstruction - many of （4）projects were dismantled or came under sustained attack. In this later period, detached from action and divorced from policy, the public intellectual was forced into an increasingly abstract p
23、osition of arguing through words for policies and activities that （5） discourses of disavowal, displacement and derision. This is harsh terrain to occupy and yet there are many examples of people who continued to （6）social justices in race, gender and class terms. I am reminded of a film I watched o
24、n the American Civil War. As the South was progressively defeated, （7） land was occupied -just a few towns and strips of land. In the end, the commentator said all that was left was a confederacy of the mind-a collective memory of an aspiration. （8）, that has been the fate of movements for social ju
25、stice and of associated intellectual work （9） the past two decades. But we should not underestimate the confederacy of the mind. For one （10） I will make with great force is that the largest problem the attempted reconstruction of the past two decades（11）-the attempt to demolish the welfare state -
26、is peoples collective memory of good public services, of commitments to provision for all,（12） it be schools or hospitals. The vital task now is to （13）, reenergize and reinvent new projects and programs for social justice, for memories and predisposition in Britain remain（14） resilient. We should n
27、ow be （15） define a new role for the educational researcher in （16） Britain, and do so in ways informed by collective memories of social justice initiatives. This should, hopefully, presage a new investigation of the role of educational researcher as public intellectual, moving us （17） a new phase a
28、fter the hopeful years of the 1960s and early 1970s and the reversal in the two decades that followed. Now we can hope again there are postmodern prospects （18） I should note that I am not （19） re-establishing some old master narrative of social justice - more （20） voices and visions, a moving mosai
29、c of intentions and plans. 问题1选项A.had dividedB.dividedC.had been dividingD.have been dividing问题2选项A.undertookB.undertakeC.acceptedD.accept问题3选项A.far enoughB.enough farC.close enoughD.enough close问题4选项A.the dearlyB.the most dearlyC.dearlyD.the more dearly问题5选项A.were subject toB.were subjected toC.are
30、 subject toD.are subjected to问题6选项A.argue againstB.argue forC.argue withD.argue to问题7选项A.more and moreB.moreC.lessD.less and less问题8选项A.In some wayB.In some waysC.In a wayD.n ways问题9选项A.ofB.forC.inD.by问题10选项A.assertionB.announcementC.allegeD.assessment问题11选项A.will faceB.faceC.facedD.has faced问题12选项A
31、ratherB.whetherC.eitherD.even问题13选项A.reentrantB.reinvigorateC.reinforceD.reeducated问题14选项A.remarkablyB.remarkingC.remarkedD.remarkable问题15选项A.looking intoB.looking ontoC.looking toD.looking forward to问题16选项A.millenarianB.millenniumC.millennialD.millenary问题17选项A.forward toB.away toC.intoD.onto问题18选项
32、A.for exploringB.to exploreC.with explorationD.for exploration问题19选项A.talking withB.talking aboutC.talking overD.talking to问题20选项A.a lot ofB.a bit ofC.a number ofD.a set of【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A第6题:B第7题:D第8题:B第9题:C第10题:A第11题:D第12题:B第13题:B第14题:A第15题:C第16题:C第17题:C第18题:B第19题:B第20题:D【解析】（1）语法题。根据
33、文章第二句“In the period of the 1960s and 1970s”可知，句子的时态为过去时态，是对过去事情的回忆。又根据broadly speaking “一般说来”，可知，空格中的动作是从过去持续到现在，并且会一直持续下去。所以选用现在完成进行时态。选项D符合题意。（2）动词词义辨析和语法。undertake “从事，承担”；accept “接受”，根据文意：那些为社会正义而工作的人承担着智力工作。所以选用动词undertake，又根据整个文段的时态，选项A符合题意。（3）固定搭配和语法。enough修饰形容词需要后置，选项B和D可排除。又根据上文remained all
34、ied“保持同盟关系”，可知下文应该表示与政策相联系，使其保持足够紧密。选项C符合题意。（4）语法题。根据文意many of 表示“在中许多”，可知空格中应该填入最高级，副词dearly的最高级为the most dearly，选项B符合题意。（5）固定搭配和语法。be subjected to“经受”，be subject to “从属于，有倾向”。句意：从属于否认、替换和嘲笑的谈话。又因为整个文段为一般过去时态。选项A符合题意。（6）固定搭配。argue against “反对”；argue for “支持”；argue with “和争论”；没有搭配argue to，选项D可排除。根据句
35、意：在种族、性别、阶级方面继续支持正义。选项B符合题意。（7）推断题。根据文章第三段第二句“As the South was progressively defeated”，可知随着南方逐渐被打败，越来越少的土地被占领-只有一些城镇和狭长地带。less and less“越来越少”，more and more“越来越多”。选项D符合题意。（8）固定搭配。in some ways“在某些方面，在某种程度上”；in a way “在某些程度上，有点儿”；没有搭配in some way和in ways，选项A和D可排除。句意：在某种程度上，这就是争取社会正义运功的命运。In some ways起承上
36、启下的作用，选项B符合题意。（9）固定搭配。固定搭配“in the past two decades”意思为“在过去的二十年”，选项C符合题意。（10）名词词义辨析。assertion “断言，声明”；announcement “公告”；allege “断言，宣称”；assessment “评定，估价”。句意：我们不应该低估“思想联盟”，我用我最大的力量去声明的一点是，选项A符合题意。（11）语法题。根据时态标志词the past two decades “在过去的二十年”，可知句子的时态为现在完成时态，强调过去的动作对现在产生影响，选项D符合题意。（12）逻辑关系。rather “宁可，宁愿
37、whetheror “无论还是”；eitheror “或者或者（两者之一）”；even “甚至”。句意：承诺给所有人提供粮食，无论是学校还是医院。选项B符合题意。（13）词汇题。reentrant “可再入的”；reinvigorate “使再振作”；reinforce “加强”；reeducated “接受再教育的”。句意：现在最重要的任务是重振、再激励和改造社会正义的新项目和计划。选项B符合题意。（14）语法题。根据空格后的resilient形容词，词意为“有弹力的，能迅速恢复的”，可知空格中应该填入副词，用来修饰形容词，选项A符合题意。（15）固定搭配。look into “调查，窥
38、视”；look to “注意，指望”；look onto “朝看”；look forward to“期望，期待”。句意：我们现在应该注意为研究教育者定位一个新的角色。选项C符合题意。（16）形近词辨析和语法。millenarian “一千的”；millennium “一千年”；millennial “千年的”；millenary “千年，一千”。根据上文提到的新计划的完成，可知项目和计划的完成需要上千年，名词Britain前应该用形容词，所以选项C符合题意。（17）固定搭配。根据搭配moveinto “将移入”，选项C符合题意。（18）语法题。根据时间状语now，可知文章提到的是现在对未来的希
39、望，所以用不定式表将来，在句子中作目的状语。选项B符合题意。（19）固定搭配。talk with “和交谈”；talk about “谈论关于”，talk over “谈论，说服”；talk to “和说话”。句意：我们不是在谈论关于重新建构一些关于社会正义的旧事讲述。选项B符合题意。（20）固定搭配和语法。a lot of “许多，大量”；a bit of “一点点”；a number of “大量的”；a set of “一组，一套”。根据文意more a set of voices and visions “更多的是一些声音和愿景”，选项D符合题意。3. 单选题As a general
40、rule, private individuals are free to refuse to buy goods or services from a business （ ） that the business has trading links with a country which is under the control of a government of which they disapprove.问题1选项A.on the groundB.on the groundsC.for the groundD.for the grounds【答案】B【解析】介词词组辨析。on the
41、 ground“在地上，在决斗”；on the grounds“由于.的原因”；for不能和ground搭配，所以排除C和D项。句意：一般来说，个人可以自由地拒绝从一个企业购买商品或者服务，原因是该企业与他们不赞成的政府控制的国家有贸易联系。选项B符合题意。4. 单选题China is far from perfect and seeks its own advantage, but holding it （ ）our domestic problems is beyond anachronistic.问题1选项A.account forB.accounting toC.accounted t
42、oD.accountable for【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。account for “负有责任，占比例”；account to “报账”；hold (sb./sth.) accountable for “让某人对某事负责”。句意：中国远非完美，而是在寻求自身的优势，如果让它来对国内问题承担责任，那就相当不合时宜。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题He was the king of farce and the most influential neoclassical playwright. His characters were used to （ ） real people, and he
43、was interested in showing the reality of human weakness as much as possible.问题1选项A.depictB.ridiculeC.amuseD.imitate【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。depict“描述”；ridicule“嘲笑”；amuse“娱乐”；imitate “模仿”。句意：他是喜剧之王，也是最具影响力的新古典主义剧作家。他的剧中人物都用来描述真正的人物，并且他对尽可能展现人性的弱点充满兴趣。选项A符合题意。6. 单选题She is a living proof that a TV celebrity wit
44、h the highest aspirations can survive in a medium that too often seems to be racing （ ）.问题1选项A.out of bottomB.at the bottomC.to the bottomD.on the bottom【答案】C【解析】固定搭配。race to the bottom“逐底竞争”，句意：她活生生地证明了一个具有最高抱负的电视明星似乎经常可以在逐底竞争中存活下来。选项C符合题意。7. 单选题Under the term “services” （ ） together miscellaneous
45、activities with little in common except other than agriculture, extractive industries, utilities and manufacturing.问题1选项A.lumpB.to lumpC.is lumpedD.are lumped【答案】D【解析】语法题。介词短语位于句首，句子用部分倒装，所以选项A和B可排除。根据句子的主语 “miscellaneous activities”为复数，所以为了保持主谓一致，be动词选用复数形式are，选项D符合题意。8. 单选题President Barack Obama h
46、as been excoriated for declaring that “we dont have a strategy yet” for effectively confronting the Islamic State group. In criticizing Obama for taking too much time, Mike Rogers, the Republican chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, told “Fox News Sunday” that “this dont-do-stupid-stuff” policy isnt working.” That sounded odd to my earlike we should just bomb somebody, even if it is stupid. If Obama did that, what would h
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