1、2022年考博英语-东华大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题After deliberating for seven hours, the jury reached a majority_ of 10 to 3 in favor of the defendant.问题1选项A.declarationB.conclusionC.opinionD.verdict【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“declaration”，意为“公告；宣告；申报（单）”；B选项“conclusion”，意为“结论；结局；推论”；C选项“opinion”，意为“意见；想法；（群体的）观点，信仰”；D
2、选项“verdict”，意为“（陪审团的）裁定，裁决，裁断”。句意：经过7个小时的商议，陪审团以10比3的多数_裁定_被告胜诉。本句表示“由陪审员经过商议后得出的结论，所以应该是裁定、裁决”。因此D选项符合题意。2. 单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival
3、 of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible costmuch as one buys raw materials or equipment. The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be
4、seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic de
5、cisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is centralusually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firms hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on train
6、ing their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much mo
7、re narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how
8、to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs a
9、nd creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can t effectively staff the processes that ha
10、ve to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1. Which of the following applies to the management of human resources inAmerican companies?2. What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?3. The money most Ameri
11、can firms put in training mainly goes to_.4. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firms competition advantage is_.5. What is the main idea of the Passage?问题1选项A.They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skill.B.They see the gaining of skills as their employees
12、 own business.C.They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.D.They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.问题2选项A.He is one of the most important executives in the firm.B.His post is likely to disappear when new technologic are introduced.C.He is directly under the chief f
13、inancial executive.D.He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.问题3选项A.workers who can operate new equipmentB.technological and managerial staffC.workers who lack basic background skillsD.top executives问题4选项A.the introduction of new technologiesB.the improvement of workers basic skillsC
14、the rational composition of professional and managerial employeesD.the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees问题5选项A.American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.B.Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource mana
15、gement.C.The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firms hierarchy.D.The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是哪一个符合美国公司的人力资源管理。可定位到文章首段中的第二句，本句提到美国的人力资源管理“is not t
16、raditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States”。第三句说到“Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility”，技能获取被认为是一种个人责任，与B选项“他们把技能的获得看作是员工自己的事”符合，因此B 选项正确。A选项“他们以最低成本雇佣员工，而不考虑他们的技能”来自第四句“Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredren
17、ted at the lowest possible costmuch as one buys raw materials or equipment”，可知劳动力与原材料或设备一样，只是以尽可能低的成本租用，但本句并未提到忽视员工技能这一点，可排除；C和D选项在原文中未提及，可排除。“Labor is simply another factor of production to be hiredrented at the lowest possible costmuch as one buys materials or equipment.”，这句话的意思是美国的企业是以最低的成本去雇佣劳动力
18、就跟购置材料和设备一样。由此可知，选项C以及选项D的说法错误，而选项B原文并没有提及，为无关选项。因此，答案为A。2.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是人力资源管理管理负责人在美国的企业中的地位，根据关键词“the head of human-resource management”定位到原文第一段的“The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of corporate hierarchy.， The executive who holds it is
19、never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO).”可得知，人力资源管理者处理企业中的边缘位置，在做重大决策前，从来没有人会咨询人力资源管理者。因此，答案为选项D。3.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是美国的企业用于培训的资金主要在哪个方面。根据关键词training、money定位到原文第二段的“The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on profess
20、ional and managerial employees.”，因此答案为选项B。选项A和C,，根据原文中的“And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.”可
21、得知，美国企业在缺乏基本技能以及能操作新设备的员工培训方面花费的资金非常少。选项D原文并没有提及，为无关选项。因此，答案为B。4.【试题解析】事实细节题。题目问的是保持公司竞争力优势的决定性因素是什么，根据关键词decisive factor, competition advantage定位到文章首句，“If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem.”可推断出员工技能对于公司竞争力优势很重要。因此，正确答案为选项B。选项A新工艺的引进，文章虽然有提
22、到，但并无依据表明它可以保持公司竞争力优势。选项C文章并没有提及，为无关选项。选项D文章末尾虽有提到bottom half的群体技能可能会影响优势群体的工资，但与公司竞争力优势并无关系。5.【试题解析】主旨大意题。本文的主题是什么，从文章首段首句可知，如果可持续的竞争优势取决于员工的技能，那么美国企业是有问题的，下文也有提到美国企业对于人力资源管理缺乏重视，从而影响了竞争力。 由此可知，答案为选项D。选项A说的是美国的人力资源管理和日本、德国是不同的，这两个选项的说法都符合原文，但比较片面不足以概括全文。选项B说的是广泛的再培训对于有效的人力资源管理来说是必不可少的，这两个选项的说法都符合原文
23、但比较片面不足以概括全文；选项C说的是“人力资源管理的主管必须处于公司级别的中心位置”，说法太过于绝对。3. 翻译题人类是一个不断自然进化过程的产物，其中包括无数次的遗传转化：这一不可阻挡的进程自45亿年前地球形成以来就一直未曾间断过。这一进化过程，受环境因素的影响，经过随机突变，形成了更具适应性的系统，从而保证了其连续性。在动物世界，这导致了更高级物种的进化，并在人类身上达到了极致，因为人类已经获得了创新思维的能力。我认为这标志着进化进入了一个非常重要的阶段，使一个物种首次有能力掌握了自身命运。Directions: In this part you are required to tra
24、nslate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write it on the Answer Sheet.【答案】Human beings are the product of a continuous process of natural evolution, including numerous genetic transformations: an inexorable process that has been going on uninterrupted since the earth formed 4
25、5 billion years ago. This evolutionary process, influenced by environmental factors, through random mutation, formed a more adaptable system, thus ensuring its continuity. In the animal world, this has led to the evolution of higher species, culminating in humans, who have acquired the ability to t
26、hink creatively, think this marks a very important stage in evolution, the first time a species has been able to control its own destiny.4. 单选题Although Asian countries are generally more _ in social customs than Western countries, there have been several notable examples of women leaders in both Chi
27、na and India.问题1选项A.conservativeB.confidentialC.comprehensiveD.consistent【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项conservative“守旧的、传统的、拘谨的”；B项confidential“机密的、秘密的”；C项comprehensive“广泛的”；D项consistent“一致的、调和的”；句意：与西方国家相比，尽管亚洲国家在社会习俗上普遍较为保守，但在印度和中国却出现过几位著名的妇女领导人。因此该题A项正确。5. 写作题Directions: For this part, you are required to w
28、rite a composition in about 200 words under the following title.Environmental protection and Sustainable Development【答案】Environmental protection and Sustainable DevelopmentAlong with the economic development, living standards enhancement, the environment question becomes a focal point which graduall
29、y attracts peoples attention. In China, this problem is rather different because of our heavy population and rapid development. Therefore, our government put the environmental protection up as a basic state policy. And then, I would like to talk about the environmental protection of our country.In m
30、y opinion, the protection of environment is a step-by-step progress, we need patient and care. There are the ways and suggestions of protecting the environment. The first one is to make a synchronization of the build and protect of environment. Protect the animals, plants, forests and water together
31、 instead of merely deal with the damaged ones. This can make our environment sustainable and provide continuous recourses. Secondly, improve peoples enthusiasm of protecting the environment. Peoples sense of environmental protection and their attendance are the most important parts. We can do more a
32、dvertisements and let people know more about this. Thirdly, make the laws of this part more complete. If we want to make a difference in the protection of environment, we need the support of laws, and they can be our guarantee.We should know the importance of environmental protection and keep it cle
33、ar. It is in relationship with the development of our economic, the progress of the society and the health of people. With the responsibility of our society, we should do it well and make our environment more clean and comfortable.6. 单选题In the end the little boy went to school without so much a_ of
34、protest.问题1选项A.whimperB.whimC.whirlD.whistle【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“whimper”，意为“抽泣，吹口哨”；B选项“whim”，意为“心血来潮，突发奇想”，C选项“whirl”，意为“旋转，回转”，D选项“whistle”，意为“口哨，汽笛声”。句意：最后，小男孩去上学了，并没有多少抗议的念头。因此，B选项符合题意。7. 单选题Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has bee
35、n given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de W
36、aal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily.
37、 Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “good and services” than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens
38、 for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.In th
39、e world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange a ta
40、ll, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest t
41、hat capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alon
42、e. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an
43、unanswered question.1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by _.2. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph 1) implies that _.3. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are _.4. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventuall
44、y found in their study that the monkeys _.5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?问题1选项A.posing a contrastB.justifying an assumptionC.making a comparisonD.explaining a phenomenon问题2选项A.monkeys are also outraged by slacking rivalsB.resenting unfairness is also monkeys natureC.monkeys, like human
45、s, tend to be jealous of each otherD.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions问题3选项A.more inclined to weigh what they getB.attentive to researchers instructionsC.nice in both appearance and temperamentD.more generous than their male companions问题4选项A.prefer grapes to cucumbersB.can be t
46、aught to exchange thingsC.will not be co-operative if feeling cheatedD.are unhappy when separated from others问题5选项A.Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C.Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D.Cooperation among mon
47、keys remains stable only in the world.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“开篇作者是通过什么方法切入主题？”。首段举出人们对加薪不等的事情会气愤，说这种行为是“人类化的”(all too human)，但现在有研究表明这种行为也是“猴子化的”(all too monkey)行为。这里对这种行为的两种可能的属性进行类比以引出全文的主题；B项“证实一种假设”，原文提出的假定原本是人与猴不一样，所以该项错误；D项“解释一种现象”，这个说法不能够将开头和主题的内在联系结合起来。另外根据第二段第二
48、行like their female human counterparts（就像女性人类一样）可知，这是比较的相同点；A项“指出对比”和C项“做出对照”看起来都是对的，但是A项里面的contrast是指不同处的比较，comparison是指相同处的比较，因此该题C选项正确。2.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“第一段最后一行的句子it is all too money暗示什么？”。先找到all too human的是什么行为，根据第二句Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.（然
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