1、2022年考博英语-中共中央党校考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题We can be sure, however, that cities will remain the ground zero of convergence. Although forest clearance and export monocultures have played fundamental roles in the transition to a new geological epoch, the prime mover has been the almost exponential incr
2、ease in the carbon footprints of urban regions in the northern hemisphere. Heating and cooling the urban built environment alone is responsible for an estimated 35 to 45 per cent of current carbon emissions, while urban industries and transportation contribute another 35 to 40 per cent. In a sense,
3、city life is rapidly destroying the ecological niche-Holocene climate stability-which made its evolution into complexity possible.Yet there is a striking paradox here. What makes urban areas so environmentally unsustainable are precisely those features, even in the largest megacities, that are most
4、anti-urban or suburban. First among these is massive horizontal expansion, which combines the degradation of vital natural services-aquifers, watersheds, truck farms, forests, coastal eco-systems-with the high costs of providing infrastructure to sprawl. The result is grotesquely oversized environme
5、ntal footprints, with a concomitant growth of traffic and air pollution and, most often, the downstream dumping of waste. Where urban forms are dictated by speculators and developers, bypassing democratic controls over planning and resources, the predictable social outcomes are extreme spatial segre
6、gation by income or ethnicity, as well as unsafe environments for children, the elderly and those with special needs; inner-city development is conceived as gentrification through eviction, destroying working-class urban culture in the process. To these we may add the socio-political features of the
7、 megapolis under conditions of capitalist globalization: the growth of peripheral slums and informal employment, the privatization of public space, low-intensity warfare between police and subsistence criminals, and bunkering of the wealthy in sterilized historical centers or walled suburbs.By contr
8、ast, those qualities that are most classically urban, even on the scale of small cities and towns, combine to generate a more virtuous circle. Where there are well-defined boundaries between city and countryside, urban growth can preserve open space and vital natural systems, while creating environm
9、ental economies of scale in transportation and residential construction. Access to city centers from the periphery becomes affordable and traffic can be regulated more effectively. Waste is more easily recycled, not exported downstream. In classic urban visions, public luxury replaces privatized con
10、sumption through the socialization of desire and identity within collective urban space. Large domain of public or non-profit housing reproduce ethnic and income heterogeneity at fractal scales throughout the city. Egalitarian public services and cityscapes are designed with children, the elderly an
11、d those with special needs in mind. Democratic controls offer powerful capacities for progressive taxation and planning, with high levels of political mobilization and civic participation, the priority of civic memory over proprietary icons and the spatial integration of work, recreation and home li
12、fe.1.As the author discusses the issues in this passage, he sounds （ ）.2.Why in many big cities there are extreme spatial segregation by income or ethnicity, as well as unsafe environments for children, the elderly and those with special needs?3.What does the word “these” in the second paragraph ref
13、er to?4.Which of the following words is not synonymous to the word “virtuous” in the last paragraph?5.Which of the following will not be the outcome under the condition that there are well-defined boundaries between city and countryside?问题1选项A.criticalB.neutralC.optimisticD.pessimistic问题2选项A.Because
14、 the egalitarian aspects of city life consistently provide the best sociological and physical supports for resource conservation and carbon mitigation.B.Because massive horizontal expansion combines the degradation of vital natural services with the high costs of providing infrastructure to sprawl.C
15、Because urban forms are dictated by speculators and developers, bypassing democratic controls over planning and resources.D.Because there are grotesquely oversized environmental footprints, with a concomitant growth of traffic and air pollution and, most often, the downstream dumping of waste.问题3选项
16、A.urban areas.B.Those features.C.The largest megacitiesD.Vital natural services问题4选项A.wholesomeB.righteousC.efficaciousD.pernicious问题5选项A.Waste is more easily recycled, not exported downstream.B.Urban growth can create environmental economies of scale in transportation and residential construction.C
17、Access to city centers from the periphery becomes unaffordable and traffic can be regulated more ineffectively.D.Urban growth can preserve open space and vital natural systems.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.作者态度题。整篇文章作者都是客观地阐述了大城市的城市化对生态环境的破坏，但是小城市、小镇的城市化和生态环境结合起来就会产生良性循环。其中没有作者过多个人观点的表达。所以对文中的
18、问题作者持中立的态度。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Where urban forms are dictated by speculators and developers, bypassing democratic controls over planning and resources”，可知城市形态是由投机者和开发商决定的，绕过了对规划和资源的民主监督，这造成了空间隔离和环境问题。选项C符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句，“What makes urban areas so environmentally unsustainable are precise
19、ly those features, even in the largest megacities, that are most anti-urban or suburban.”，可知使城市地区在环境上的问题正是因为这些特点，即使在最大的大城市也是反城市的。可判断出these指代的就是上文提到的features，选项B符合题意。4.词义理解题。wholesome “健全的”；righteous “正义的”；efficacious “有效的”；pernicious “有毒的，恶性的”。句意：相比之下，那些最典型的城市特征，与一些小城市或城镇结合起来也会形成一个更良性的循环。所以virtuous意
20、思为良性的，只有pernicious不是它的同义词。选项D符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段， “Access to city centers from the periphery becomes affordable and traffic can be regulated more effectively.”，可知从郊区进入市中心的交通费用降低了，交通也可以得到更有效的管理。所以C选项中的unaffordable与文意相反。选项C符合题意。2. 单选题If the police （ ）when they did there would have been serious viole
21、nce.问题1选项A.had not stepped inB.did not stepped inC.had not stepped downD.did not stepped down【答案】A【解析】语法题。考查虚拟语气，主句结构为would have done，表示对过去事情的虚拟，if引导的从句应该用had done过去完成，选项B和D可排除。step in “介入，干预”；step down “辞职，走下”。句意：如果警方没有介入的话，严重的暴力行为可能已经发生了。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题The audience cheered as Number three had rowed
22、 himself out and was slumped over his oar at the （ ）.问题1选项A.dead lineB.finished lineC.finishing lineD.finish line【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。deadline“截止线，界线”；finish line“终点线”，finished line“竣工线”；没有搭配dead line 和finishing line，选项A和C可排除。句意：当三号选手筋疲力尽地划到终点，伏倒他的桨上，观众们欢呼起来。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题Davos 2013 is shaping up to be the
23、 year when the forums bank participants try to fade into the background and finally put the financial crisis behind them. Public panels include only two or three devoted to financial services. At the more productive private meetings at the fringes, bankers say discussion is more upbeat than it has-b
24、een since the crisis began half a decade ago. Improving eurozone sentiment and a slowly brightening mood among banks corporate clients is heartening for bankers. All the same no one can let go of the topic that has most vexed them for years: ever-increasing regulation. On the core eurozone discussio
25、n, the tone is of cautious optimism. “The system is slowly coming back to life,” said one investment bank boss, pointing to steady signs of eurozone recovery, most recently evident in this weeks Spanish sovereign debt auction. “Theres definitely a change of tone,” added the board member of a US bank
26、 “Our clients are definitely more upbeat.” Around that average sentiment views ranged widely, stretching from the complacent to the doom laden. “Its hard to see what could go wrong,” said one investment bank boss. That was in stark contrast with a warning from Axel Weber, chairman of UBS and former
27、 president of Germanys Bundesbank, who said that patchwork fixes by central banks were just disguising problems that will return. Were Jiving a better life now at the expense of future generations,” Mr. Weber said. As at recent Davos forums, the regulatory agenda has provided a focus. Bankers this y
28、ear have bemoaned the breakdown in an international regulatory framework. Mr. Weber said: “You need a global standard. But this is not happening. He warned that, without a harmonized rule book, the dangers in the global banking system would increase. He contrasted the “Alpine” capital requirements i
29、n Switzerland with the diverse structural reforms under way in the US, the UK and potentially the EU. Worse still was the failure of policy makers to look across the financial services industry and join up the thinking on how banks and insurers should be regulated, critics said. One chief executive
30、of a large US financial group said the regulatory situation was really horrific. If you take a nice business like the insurance business, the chief executive said. Heres an industry that went through the crisis and had almost no problems. Theyve put in a whole new regulatory regime to make sure they
31、 cant make money. Its astonishing. Another bank boss said privately he was extremely worried about the inability of European insurance companies to finance banks, under the prospective Solvency II rules. Tidjane Thiam, chief executive of UK insurer Prudential, said: There is a lack of joined-up thin
32、king. The insurance industry is traditionally the biggest investor in the banking industry but Solvency II says we cant invest in banks. Friction was also evident between investors and companies, particularly financial groups. Paul Singer, head of Elliott Capital Management, slammed banks for comple
33、tely opaque disclosures that made it impossible to know whether they were “risky or sound”. Most pernicious of all among the regulatory initiatives was the continuing - and arguably worsening -sense of uncertainty over what regulators and politicians have in mind next, particularly in Europe. 1.How
34、would you characterize the atmosphere at Davos forums 2013?2.Axel Weber would most probably argue that（ ）.3.It may be inferred from the passage that （ ）.4.The regulatory situation is in a bad shape in that （ ）.5.Completely opaque disclosures” in the last paragraph refers to the fact that （ ）.问题1选项A.
35、Transitional.B.Proactive.C.Frictional.D.Sanguine.问题2选项A.future generations will have to pay for the life we live todayB.we are living a better life than future generationsC.central banks will come back with solutions to the financial problemsD.measures taken so far have not been effective enough问题3选
36、项A.there is a lack of consensus among bankers with regard to who should be held responsible for the financial crisisB.bank participants at recent Davos forums believe that they need more private discussions of the financial issues than public onesC.problems would come back to haunt the world financi
37、al sector without a unified regulatory regimeD.experts argue that a book should be written and published that discusses the various structural reforms being undertaken问题4选项A.comprehensive study of the financial sector is absentB.a regulatory framework is absentC.financial sector regulation lacks foc
38、usD.banks and insurance companies have conflicting interests问题5选项A.banks fail to discover the real causes of the crisisB.banks fail to unveil their financial conditionsC.banks do not have sufficient information on the marketD.banks do not fully operate with the companies【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:D
39、解析】1.推断题。根据文章第一段，“At the more productive private meetings at the fringes, bankers say discussion is more upbeat than it has-been since the crisis began half a decade ago.”，可知银行家们表示，在会议间隙更富有成效的私人交谈上，讨论的气氛比5年前危机爆发以来的任何时候都要乐观。可推断出2013年达沃斯论坛的气氛是乐观的。选项D符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第二段，“That was in stark contrast with
40、 a warning from Axel Weber, chairman of UBS and former president of Germanys Bundesbank, who said that patchwork fixes by central banks were just disguising problems that will return.”，可知Axel Weber对于金融业的问题提出了警告，并且表示各国央行的零零碎碎的修补措施只是在掩盖将会重现的问题。所以他认为目前采取的措施还不够有效。选项D符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章第三段开头，“As at recent Da
41、vos forums, the regulatory agenda has provided a focus. Bankers this year have bemoaned the breakdown in an international regulatory framework. Mr. Weber said: You need a global standard. But this is not happening.”，可知监管议程成为了关注的焦点，银行家们纷纷哀叹监管框架的崩溃，Weber表示全球是需要一个统一标准的，担这个标准还没出现。可推断出如果没有一个统一的监管体制，问题将再次
42、困扰全球金融业。选项C符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章第四段， “Worse still was the failure of policy makers to look across the financial services industry and join up the thinking on how banks and insurers should be regulated.”，可知更糟糕的是，政策制定者未能放眼整个金融服务业，并就如何监管银行和保险公司的联合监管开展思考。根据文段“the regulatory situation was really horrific”，可知
43、最终的结果为监管形势真的很糟糕。所以监管形式糟糕的原因在于对整个金融业的监管缺乏重心和重点。选项C符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“Friction was also evident between investors and companies, particularly financial groups.”，可知投资者和企业之间的摩擦很明显，尤其是一些金融集团。下文用Elliott Capital Management作为例子进行进一步的说明，可知埃利奥特资本管理公司对银行不透明的信息披露表示不满，导致投资者难以判断处境是危险的还是安全的，可见银行并没有给投资者带来有效的信息以
44、及相应的合作和帮助。所以这里的“Completely opaque disclosures”就是指银行并没有完全和企业合作。5. 单选题Just as the United States must change, so too must those economies that have previously relied on exports （ ） weaknesses in their own demand.问题1选项A.to offsetB.by offsettingC.in offsettingD.offsetting【答案】A【解析】固定搭配。根据固定搭配rely on sth.
45、to do “依靠做某事”，句意：正如美国必须做出的改变一样，那些经济体以前也依赖出口来找消除内需不足的弱点。选项A符合题意。6. 单选题Throughout the ages, （ ）a common observation （ ）certain diseases are associated with particular emotions and attitudes.问题1选项A.its . thatB.its.whichC.its been. thatD.its been. which【答案】C【解析】语法题。根据句子意思，可知空格应该用现在完成时态表示从古至今，选项A和B可排除。又根
46、据特殊句型，it充当了形式主语，所以that引导真正的主语从句，that无实义，只起引导和连接作用。选项C符合题意。7. 单选题This emphasis on an English tradition has come under continuous attack during the last twenty years or so; during their undergraduate training many young teachers of English will have discussed the assumptions that underlie such concern
47、 for our cultural （ ）.问题1选项A.inhabitantsB.heritageC.inheritorsD.hereditary【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。inhabitant “居民”，heritage “遗产；传统；继承权”，inheritor “继承人；后继者”，hereditary “遗传类”。句意：在他们的本科培训中，许多年轻的英语老师将讨论这些假设，这些假设是我们对文化传统关心的基础。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题Early research on attitudes assumed that they were casually related to behavior; that is, the attitudes people hold determine what they do. Common sense, too, suggests a relationship. Isnt it logical that people watch television programs they like, or that employees try to avoid assignments they find distasteful? However, in the late 1960s, t
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