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1、学术英语 社科 Academic English for Social Sciences 5 Sociology Matters Cultures all share certain basic characteristics despite differences. In this unit we will see how those characteristics change as cultures develop, and how cultures influence one another through their technological, commercial, and ar
2、tistic achievements. Unit 5 Sociology Matters Unit Contents Text A Text B Listening Speaking Writing Lead-in Text C Lead-in Task Read the first paragraph of the text. Work in pairs and write down two examples of the development of culture in China. 1 _ 2 _ Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Critical re
3、ading and thinking Difficult sentences Group discussion English language for academic purpose Collocations Signpost language Formal English Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis Analyzing the text by explaining key terms 1 Culture the totality of learn
4、ed, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 2 Cultural universals adaptations to meet essential human needs, such as peoples need for food, shelter, and clothing e.g. athletic sports
5、, cooking, funeral ceremonies, medicine, and sexual restrictions (Anthropologist George Murdock) (Para.2) Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture: 1) discovery: making known or sharing the exis
6、tence of some aspect of reality e.g. the finding of the DNA molecule; identification of a new moon of Saturn(Para.5) 2) invention: an invention results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before. e.g. the bow and arrow, automobile, the Internet (Para.5) 3 Innovat
7、ion Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 4 Globalization the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas e.g. Starbucks in China (Para.6) Unit 5 Sociology Matt
8、ers Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 5 Diffusion the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society. e.g. Diffusion can occur through a variety of means: exploration, military conquest, missionary work, the influence or the mass media,
9、tourism, and the Internet. (Para.7) Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 6 McDonaldization the process through which the principles of the fast-food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society, both in the United States and throughout
10、the world Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A McDonaldization is associated with the melting of cultures. Examples: In Japan: African entrepreneurs have found a thriving market for hip-pop fashions popularized by teens in the United States. (Para.9) In Austria: th
11、e McDonalds organization has drawn on Austrians love of coffee, cake, and conversation to create the McCafe fast-food chain. (Para.9) Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A In some societies, McDonaldization has met resistance to the invasion of too much culture from
12、 other countries. Examples: In Canada: 35% of a stations daytime radio programming is required be devoted to Canadian songs or artists. (Para.10) In Brazil: Barbies popularity has been eclipsed by Susi, a doll that looks more like Brazilian girls. (Para.10) Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Critical r
13、eading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 7 Technology cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires e.g. Technology has increased the speed of cultural diffusion and broadened the distribution of cultural elements. (Para.11) Uni
14、t 5 Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 8 Material culture the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, including food items, houses, factories, and raw materials Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Anal
15、ysis 9 Nonmaterial culture ways of using material objects and customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication It is more resistant to change than material culture. Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 10 Cultural lag the per
16、iod of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions e.g. the ethics of using the Internet, such as issues concerning privacy and censorship (Para.12) Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Difficult sentences The cultural practices listed by Murdock may
17、 be universal, but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture. (Para.3) These cultural practices in Murdocks list are common to many societies, but these practices are carried out in ways that differ greatly among different cultures. Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Difficu
18、lt sentences Each generation, and each year for that matter, most human cultures change and expand through the processes of innovation and diffusion. (Para.4) For that matter is used to show that a statement is true in another situation. Here it emphasizes the fact that human cultures change rapidly
19、. Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Difficult sentences Today, more and more cultural expressions and practices are crossing national borders, transforming the traditions and customs of the societies exposed to them. (Para.7) Today cultural expressions and practices of different countries are influenc
20、ing each other. Hence the traditions and customs of many societies are changed under the influence . Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Difficult sentences Sociologist George Ritzer coined the term “McDonaldization” (Para.8) Coin: to use a word or phrase that no one has used before. Coining of new term
21、s is common in social science studies, often serving to introduce a new concept or theory. Her wardrobe includes(Para.10) The clothes that the Brazilian doll has Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Difficult sentences Todays technological developments no longer need await publication in journals with li
22、mited circulation. Press conferences, often carried simultaneously on the Internet, now trumpet new developments.(Para.11) Today when new technology is developed, it does not have to introduce itself in specific journals; rather it normally draws on online press conferences to spread the information
23、. Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Difficult sentences the ethics of using the Internet, particularly issues concerning privacy and censorship, have not yet caught up with the explosion in Internet use and technology. (Para.12) The Internet ethical issues, particularly privacy and censorship issues a
24、re not fully discussed and well developed, thus is lagging behind the rapid increase in the Internet use and technology. Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A Group Discussion It is said that people in different societies take different attitudes toward diffusion. What kind of attitude do Chinese people t
25、ake toward diffusion? Use examples to illustrate your point. Unit 5 Sociology Matters Collocation Text A English language for academic purpose 1.人们对衣食住的需求 2.推出新概念 3.解除现有的工作关系 4.改变社会传统和习俗 Task 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English (P96) peoples need for food, shelter
26、, and clothing introducing a new idea sweep away existing working relationships transform the traditions and customs of the society Unit 5 Sociology Matters 1 Text A English language for academic purpose dilute the distinctive aspects of a societys culture the cultural invasion from other countries
27、satisfy human needs and desires issues concerning privacy and censorship 5.削弱社会文化中的特殊方面 6.来自于其他国家的文化侵略 7.满足人类的需求和欲望 8.关于隐私和审查的问题 Collocation Task 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English (P96) Unit 5 Sociology Matters 1 Text A 2 Task 1 Complete the sentences with the c
28、ollocations in the box. (P97) English language for academic purpose Collocation Unit 5 Sociology Matters human needs and desires level of privacy material culture social consequences working relationship worldwide integration 2 Text A 2 Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box.
29、 (P97) English language for academic purpose Collocation Unit 5 Sociology Matters 1. Internet users may achieve an adequate _ through controlled disclosure of personal information. 2. This book presents a comprehensive analysis of the _ of population decline and aging in Japan. 3. Sociologists use t
30、he term “globalization” to refer to the resulting _ of government policies, cultures, social movements and financial markets. level of privacy social consequences worldwide integration 2 Text A Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box. (P97) English language for academic purpos
31、e Collocation Unit 5 Sociology Matters 4. A final recommendation of the consultants was a radical attempt to forge a closer _ between the board and staff members. 5. In the social sciences, “_” is a term that refers to the relationship between artifacts and social relations. 6. Abraham Maslow wrote
32、his Hierarchy of Needs theory wherein he attempted to document the five levels of _.human needs and desires material culture working relationship 2 Signpost language may be classified in a variety of ways At the essay level be sorted into functional groups Depending upon the purpose or intent of the
33、 writer Paragraphs may also be classified Text A English language for academic purpose Task 2 Classification Read the paragraph on Page 98 and underline signpost language of classification. Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A In academic writing, claims are often couched in tentative language. This is k
34、nown as hedging. English language for academic purpose Formal English Modal auxiliary verbs: can, could, may, might, should, would Other modal verbs: appear, look, seem, tend Probability adjectives: likely, possible, probable, unlikely Probability adverbs: perhaps, possibly, probably, presumably Fre
35、quency adverbs: generally, occasionally, often, seldom, usually Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text A 2 Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98) English language for academic purpose Formal English Unit 5 Sociology Matters 1. The cultural practices listed by Murdock _ be universal, bu
36、t the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture. For example, one society _ let its members choose their own marriage partners. Another _ encourage marriages arranged by the parents. may may may Text A 2 Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98) Formal Eng
37、lish Unit 5 Sociology Matters 2. Globalization _ be defined as the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas. 3. One economist went so far as to suggest that the entire field _ be simply summarized: “People
38、 respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.” may could English language for academic purpose Text A 2 Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions. (P98) Formal English Unit 5 Sociology Matters 4. When deciding how safely to drive, rational people compare, _ unconsciously, the marginal
39、 benefit from safer driving to the marginal cost. 5. Economists, like astronomers and evolutionary biologists, _ have to make do with whatever data the world happens to give them. 6. Workers unemployed for many months are more _ to suffer economic and psychological hardship. likely usually perhaps E
40、nglish language for academic purpose Text B Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose Researching Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text B Sociologists view on globalization “Globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social
41、interactions.” (Charles Tilly) tourist gaze the expectation on the part of the tourist that he or she will have exotic experiences while traveling abroad Critical reading and thinking Main points of the text Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text B Effects of globalization on international tourism Globalizat
42、ion has greatly expanded the possibilities for international travel. (Para.2;find statistics to illustrate it) High level of international tourism translated into an increase in the number of face-to-face interactions between people of different countries. Critical reading and thinking Main points o
43、f the text Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text B exotic experiences experiences that violate our everyday expectation about how social interaction and interaction with the physical environment are supposed to proceed e.g. Americans traveling in England may delight in the fact that the British drive on the
44、 left-hand side of the road.(Para.3) Critical reading and thinking Main points of the text Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text B Most of tourists do not want their experiences to be too exotic. e.g. the popularity of McDonald in Paris among young American tourists (Para. 4) Critical reading and thinking M
45、ain points of the text Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text B What can sociologists study about the tourist increases with the march of globalization? e.g. dominant patterns of interaction that emerge between tourists and locals; whether these interactions are friendly or antagonistic (Para.6) Critical rea
46、ding and thinking Main points of the text Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text B Difficult sentences Americans, of course, have always interacted with people from foreign lands if for no other reason than America itself is an ethnically and culturally diverse nation.(Para. 1) Americans, of course, have alw
47、ays communicated with people from other cultures simply because America itself is an ethnically and culturally diverse nation. Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text B Difficult sentences “globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions” (Para. 1) Globaliz
48、ation means those social interactions that used to just impact the local community now has an impact that reaches beyond the local area. Unit 5 Sociology Matters Text B Difficult sentences High levels of international tourism, of course, translate into an increase in the number of face- to-face interactions between people of different countries. (Para.3) High levels of international tourism, of course, leads to an increase in face-to-face communications betw