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1、Myers PSYCHOLOGY,Chapter 4 Developing Through the Life Span,Prenatal Development and the Newborn,Developmental Psychology a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span,Prenatal Development and the Newborn,Life is sexually transmitted,Prenatal Deve
2、lopment and the Newborn,Zygote the fertilized egg enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division develops into an embryo Embryo the developing human organism from 2 weeks through 2nd month Fetus the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth,Prenatal Development and the Newborn,
3、40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months,Prenatal Development and the Newborn,Teratogens agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant wo
4、mans heavy drinking symptoms include misproportioned head,Prenatal Development and the Newborn,Rooting Reflex tendency to open mouth, and search for nipple when touched on the cheek Preferences human voices and faces facelike images smell and sound of mother preferred,Prenatal Development and the Ne
5、wborn,Habituation decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation,Prenatal Development and the Newborn,Having habituated to the old stimulus, newborns preferred gazing at a new one,Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development,Maturation biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in b
6、ehavior relatively uninfluenced by experience,Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development,Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile-and can retain that learning for a month (Rovee-Collier, 1989, 1997).,Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development,Schema a concept or framework th
7、at organizes and interprets information Assimilation interpreting ones new experience in terms of ones existing schemas,Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development,Accommodation adapting ones current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information Cognition All the mental activities associa
8、ted with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating,Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development,Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development,Object Permanence the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived,Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development,Baby Mathematics Shown a
9、numerically impossible outcome, infants stare longer (Wynn, 1992),Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development,Conservation the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects,Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development,Egocentrism
10、the inability of the preoperational child to take anothers point of view Theory of Mind peoples ideas about their own and others mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict Autism a disorder that appears in childhood Marked by deficient communi
11、cation, social interaction and understanding of others states of mind,Social Development,Stranger Anxiety fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by about 8 months of age Attachment an emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the careg
12、iver and displaying distress on separation,Social Development,Harlows Surrogate Mother Experiments Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother,Social Development,Critical Period an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism
13、s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development Imprinting the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life,Social Development,Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without
14、 their surrogate mothers.,Social Development,Groups of infants left by their mothers in a unfamiliar room (from Kagan, 1976).,Social Development,Basic Trust (Erik Erikson) a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsiv
15、e caregivers Self-Concept a sense of ones identity and personal worth,Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices,Authoritarian parents impose rules and expect obedience “Dont interrupt.” “Why? Because I said so.” Permissive submit to childrens desires, make few demands, use little punishment Author
16、itative both demanding and responsive set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion,Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices,Adolescence,Adolescence the transition period from childhood to adulthood extending from puberty to independence Puberty the period of sexual maturation when
17、 a person becomes capable of reproduction,Adolescence,Primary Sex Characteristics body structures that make sexual reproduction possible ovaries-female testes-male external genitalia Secondary Sex Characteristics nonreproductive sexual characteristics female-breast and hips male-voice quality and bo
18、dy hair Menarche (meh-NAR-key) first menstrual period,Adolescence,In the 1890s the average interval between a womans menarche and marriage was about 7 years; now it is over 12 years,Adolescence,Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but the
19、n boys overtake them at about age 14.,Body Changes at Puberty,Kohlbergs Moral Ladder,As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world.,Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles,Morality of law and
20、social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval,Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards,Postconventional level,Conventional level,Preconventional level,Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development,Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development,Adolescence: Social Deve
21、lopment,Identity ones sense of self the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles Intimacy the ability to form close, loving relationships a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood,Adolescence: Social Development,The changing
22、parent-child relationship,Adulthood: Physical Development,Menopause the time of natural cessation of menstruation also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines Alzheimers Disease a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual
23、 deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning,Adulthood: Physical Development,The Aging Senses,10,30,50,70,90,0,0.25,0.50,0.75,1.00,Age in years,Adulthood: Physical Development,The Aging Senses,10,30,50,70,90,50,70,90,Age in years,Adulthood: Physical Development,Th
24、e Aging Senses,10,30,50,70,90,50,70,90,Age in years,Adulthood: Physical Development,Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older.,12,10,8,6,4,2,0,16,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75 and over,Fatal accident rate,Age,Adulthood: Physical Development,Incidence of
25、Dementia by Age,Adulthood: Cognitive Development,Recalling new names introduced once, twice, or three times is easier for younger adults than for older ones (Crook & West, 1990).,18,40,50,60,70,Age group,Percent of names recalled,0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,Adulthood: Cognitive Development,In a
26、 study by Schonfield & Robertson (1966), the ability to recall new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize new information did not.,Number Of words remembered,20,30,40,50,60,70,0,4,8,12,16,20,24,Age in years,Adulthood: Cognitive Development,Cross-Sectiona
27、l Study a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another Longitudinal Study a study in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period,25,32,39,46,53,60,74,67,81,35,40,45,50,55,60,Age in years,Reasoning ability score,Cross-sectional method,Longitudinal meth
28、od,Adulthood- Cognitive Development,Verbal intelligence scores hold steady with age, while nonverbal intelligence scores decline (adapted from Kaufman & others, 1989).,20,35,55,70,25,45,65,75,80,85,90,95,100,105,Intelligence (IQ) score,Age group,Adulthood: Cognitive Development,Crystallized Intellig
29、ence ones accumulated knowledge and verbal skills tends to increase with age Fluid Intelligence ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly tends to decrease during late adulthood,Adulthood: Social Development,Early-forties midlife crisis?,Adulthood: Social Changes,Social Clock the culturally pre
30、ferred timing of social events marriage parenthood retirement,Adulthood: Social Changes,Multinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial (Inglehart, 1990).,0,20,40,60,80,15,25,35,45,55,65+,Percentage “satisfied” with life as a whole,Age group,Adulthood: Social Changes,