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1、A Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis between English and Chinese Address Forms and Their Translation 英汉称呼语的语用对比分析及翻译 Abstract Address forms, though not a new topic in academic research is still worth studying for its importance in use. On the basis of former researches on the static analysis of address
2、forms, the thesis develops a contrastive analysis of English and Chinese address forms from the perspective of pragmatics and then applies it to the practice of translation. First, the author gives a tentative classification of address forms, and then by the contrast analysis of different categories
3、 of English and Chinese address forms, makes the differences between them appear gradually. From that summarizes the main factors that effect the pragmatic translation of English and Chinese address forms such as context, culture, and the relationship between the interlocutors. At last some suggesti
4、ons are drawn followed naturally based on the discussion above. The research shows that the purpose of the pragmatic analysis is to gain a thorough understanding of English and Chinese address forms with the hope of getting some hints on the feasibility of the practice of address forms translation.
5、Besides the analysis of address forms from the perspective of pragmatics, to analyze English and Chinese address forms pragmatically might also be a good choice. It does provide some hints in the address form translation and makes it a feasible attempt to translate address forms. Key words：Chinese a
6、nd English address forms, contrastive pragmatic study, translation 英汉称呼语的语用对比分析及翻译 摘要 在学术研究领域中，称呼语的研究虽然不是什么新课题，但由于其在实际运用 中的重要性仍然具有很高的研究价值。本文就是在前人对称呼语静态分析、研究的 基础上从语用学的角度，采用对比分析的方法，探讨了英汉称呼语的语用差异，并 且将这一研究结果用于指导翻译实践。首先，本文对所要研究的称呼语进行了分类， 接着通过各自类别的对比分析了解英汉称呼语的差异，从而概括出影响英汉称呼语 翻译的文化、语境、对话者之间的关系等因素。最后，针对以上研究
7、，提出关于英 汉称呼语翻译的一些建议。研究表明，语用分析的目的是深刻理解称呼语，以期为 英汉称呼语翻译的可行性寻求一些有益的启示。希望本文能令读者意识到从语用学 角度解析英汉称呼语是研究称呼语的一个有效的角度和方法，对英汉称呼语的语用 分析是值得进行深入研究的，其分析结果为英汉称呼语的翻译提供了一些重要的启 示。 关键词：英汉称呼语；语用对比分析；翻译 Contents 1. Introduction.1 2. Literature Review of Address Forms.1 2.1 Definition of Address Forms.1 2.2 Studies on Addres
8、s Forms. 2 2.2.1 Western Scholars Study on Address Forms2 2.2.2 Chinese Scholars Study on Address Forms2 2.3 The Significances of the Present Study3 3. Pragmatic Analysis of English and Chinese Address Forms3 3.1 The classification of address forms3 3.2 Pragmatic Differences between English and Chin
9、ese Address Forms.4 3.2.1 Kinship Terms4 3.2.2 Names5 3.2.3 Titles6 3.2.3.1 Social Titles7 3.2.3.2 Official Titles8 3.2.3.3 Professional Titles8 3.2.4 Affectionate Address Forms9 3.2.5 Honorific Forms of Address.10 4. Pragmatic Translation of Address Forms10 4.1 A Brief Introduction to Pragmatic Tra
10、nslation.10 4.2 Main Factors to Be Considered in the Translation of Address Forms.11 4.2.1 Context11 4.2.2 Relationship between the Interlocutors.12 4.2.3 Culture.13 4.3 The Main Principle of the Translation of Address Forms15 4.4 Suggestions for the Translation of Address Forms15 4.4.1 Literal Tran
11、slation.15 4.4.2 Adaptation.16 4.4.3 Explanation17 4.4.4 Zero Translation.18 5. Conclusion19 References20 Acknowledgements21 BA Thesis of Hezhou University 1 1. Introduction People are quite familiar with address forms often used in daily conversation or interactions. They are part of human language
12、s. Early in human history, address forms have caught scholars attention both home and abroad. Western scholars researches on address forms roughly began in the 1950s. Since then sociolinguists and psycholinguists have made some remarkable achievements in the study of address forms. Among them, Brown
13、 and Ford and Ervin-Tripp do the most renowned study on address forms. Ervin- Tripp took a quite different approach to the study of American English address forms use. Researches done by famous Chinese scholars include those by Chao Yuanren, Zhu Wanjin and Tian Huigang, among whom Tians research on
14、Chinese and Western address forms is more systematic and in great detail. Yet an obvious point in their study is that they either put their efforts on the systematic study of address forms in one language or make a static contrastive study of address forms in two or more languages. In this essay, th
15、e author tries to analyze address forms with the application of pragmatic theories, and with the aim of thoroughly understanding the different usage of English and Chinese address forms and making some efforts to probe in the feasibility of their translation. The principal method used in this essay
16、is contrastive analysis, because contrast is one important and effective approach to get the essence of two similar matters. The focus of the thesis is on pragmatic analysis of English and Chinese address forms. After the definition of address forms, the angle of the thesis falls on the analysis of
17、English and Chinese address forms from the perspective of pragmatics, with their translation as a follow-up. The whole thesis is made up of five parts. Besides introduction and conclusion, the other three parts are the body and soul of the thesis. The introduction mainly introduces the purpose of th
18、e thesis, its writing method, its focus and angle, etc. The second part is the literature review of address forms, and pragmatic translation. The third part, the core of the essay concentrates on the pragmatic analysis of English and Chinese address forms by the application. After it, the fourth par
19、t mainly discusses the translation of address forms either from English to Chinese or from Chinese to English is the light of pragmatic perspective. A Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis between English and Chinese Address Forms and Their Translation 2 At last, a conclusion is drawn naturally in the fift
20、h part. 2. Literature Review of Address Forms 2.1 Definition of Address Forms By far, there are several definitions of address forms, but different scholars tend to use different terms. For example, some use“address terms”， “designators”; others use “vocatives”， “appellations” etc. Even though they
21、use different terminologies, basically they were explaining the same phenomenon. In this thesis, the term “address form“ is preferred because it clearly reminds us of the social interaction and of the speaker and listener. According to the author, Address forms are defined as follows: Address forms
22、are the word or words used to the person or persons the speaker wants his/her words to be received and interpreted. They can be person deixis, personal names, titles, kinship terms, affectionate terms, noun phrases, etc. Address forms indicate the relation of linguistic forms to social setting and c
23、ultural background and the relationship between the interlocutors addresser and addressee. They can be used in speech or writing. 2.2 Studies on Address Forms 2.2.1 Western Scholars Study on Address Forms Study on address forms by western scholars can be traced back to the 1950s. From then on wester
24、n scholars have made outstanding and detailed researches on address forms, especially in the field of sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics. The most famous and influential study on address forms is done by Brown and Gilman in the 1950s. They investigated second-person pronoun usage in French, Germ
25、an, Italian and Spanish. Brown and Gilman (1960) proposed that pronoun usage was governed by two semantics, which they called power and solidarity. That is, the study of tu ( which is analogous to“你”in Chinese ) and vos (which is similar to“您”in Chinese)in several European languages. They found that
26、 the T/V (Brown and Gilman use the symbols BA Thesis of Hezhou University 3 T and V from the Latin tu and vos) usage is governed by two factors: power and solidarity. Power means that a person has power over another person the degree that he or she can control the other persons behavior. The power p
27、ronoun, like the power relationship, is nonreciprocal because two people cant have power over each other in the same area. Solidarity implied a sharing between people, a degree of closeness and intimacy. This relationship was inherently reciprocal. 3. Pragmatic Analysis of English and Chinese Addres
28、s Forms No matter in daily life or on formal occasions one cant avoid using address forms in communication. Appropriate use of address forms is of vital importance to the success of human communication. Yet, even though address forms exist in almost every language system, there are great differences
29、 between address forms in different languages. If we dont know their differences, its inevitable to make mistakes in using them and even cause mis- understanding and unhappiness by improper use of address forms in human interactions. Therefore, its not only necessary but also significant to contrast
30、 and analyze address forms of different languages. But due to the authors ability and the limit of the thesis, the author only makes a contrastive study of English and Chinese address forms here. The use of address forms is variable from culture to culture. English and Chinese derive from different
31、cultures; surely great differences exist in their respective address form systems because of the different emphasis in the two cultures. In this part, the author will contrast the two different address form systems of English and Chinese from the perspective of pragmatics in great detail. 3.1 The cl
32、assification of address forms References A Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis between English and Chinese Address Forms and Their Translation 4 Brown, Roger New York/London: Wiley. 3(1960):56-70. Brown, Roger & Marguerite Ford. Address in American English A. In D. Hymes(ed.), Language in Culture and Soc
33、iety C.NewYork: Harper&Row. 1964. Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation M.Oxford: Oxford University Press.1965. Dornyei Z.& Csizer K Motivation in Second and Foreign Language LearningJ. Language Teaching, 31 (1998):117-135. 包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译M.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司.2001. 曹雪芹,高鹗.红楼梦M.北京:人民文学出版社.1974. 曹
34、禺.日出M. Translated by Barns.北京:外文出版社.2001. BA Thesis of Hezhou University 5 Acknowledgements After about two months work, this thesis has been finished. In the course of writing, from selecting the topic, writing the thesis to finalizing the manuscript, I met a lot of difficulties from many sides. Lu
35、ckily, I benefited tremendously from the people around me. Without their help, encouragement, patient, care and support, this thesis would not have been finished. First and foremost, I should give my heart-felt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Li Yan，who kindly and patiently undertook the burde
36、n of reading, criticizing and polishing all the preliminary drafts of the thesis. I would also like to show my thanks to all the teachers or professors whose lectures I have attended during these four years, for I benefit a lot from their teaching and guidance for my study. I wish to express my grat
37、itude to all the students who helped me a lot during my writing of this thesis. And, I should be thankful to those writers and editors whose articles and books I have read, and will benefit forever. Last but never the least, I thank, from the deep bottom of my heart, my family, especially my parents and my elder sister, who manifested in numerous ways, who have always been a constant source of encouragement to me.