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1、Selected Readings in American Literature,Table of Contents,Introduction Brief Outline of American Literature Chapter I Colonial Period Chapter Enlightenment and War of Independent period,Introduction,I. Brief Introduction of American Literature Course II. How to define American Literature 1. America
2、n literature is the literature produced in American English by American citizens. 2. Basic qualities of American Writers: independent individualistic critical innovative humorous,Brief Outline of American literature,1. Colonial period (1607-1775) Anne Bradstreet Edward Taylor 2. Revolutionary period
3、 (1775-1783) Benjamin Franklin Thomas Paine Philip Freneau 3. Romanticism (1820-1861) Washington Irving Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne William Whitman * Transcendentalism * (New England Renaissance) Ralph Waldo Emerson Fillip Thoreau,4. The Age of Realism (1861-1914) Mark Twain Henry James 5. A
4、merican Naturalism (1900-1914) Stephen Crane Theodore Dreiser 6. The 1920s T.S. Eliot William Faulkner Ernest Hemingway (Lost Generation) Imagism: Ezra Pound,Brief Outline of American literature,7. The 1930s Steinbeck Harlem Renaissance (Black American literature) Hughes Wright Ellison 8. American D
5、rama Eugene ONeill,9. The Post-war Scene Saul Bellow Salinger Poetry: Confessional Poetry Black Mountain Poets San Francisco Renaissance The Beat Generation The New York Poets,Colonial Period (1607-1775),Chapter One,I. Historical Introduction,1. people: Indians were native inhabitants. Now Americans
6、 are mainly immigrants mostly from Europe, esp. from England. 2. early history: 1) America was first discovered by Columbus at the end of the 15th century. 2) In 1607, Captain John Smith led some Englishmen across the ocean (Jamestown, Virginia) 3) In 1620, 102 passengers sailed on the ship Mayflowe
7、r across the sea and settled on the new continent “New England”. (Plymouth, Massachusetts),3. What is the Puritan? (p7-9) Puritan is English protestant, one division of Protestant (one division of Christianity, appeared in the 16th century, against the ruling Roman Catholic. In England, there were m
8、any divisions in protestant, for instance, Quakers教友会教徒, Baptism洗礼). They regarded the reformation of the Church under Elizabeth as incomplete, and called for its further “purification” from what they considered to be unscriptural(肆无忌惮的，无天理的)and corrupt (a.堕落的，腐败的 vt.腐蚀，使堕落) forms and ceremonies ret
9、ained (vt.保留，保持)from the unreformed church.,The 17th century American Puritans included two parts: one part of them were the creators of the Plymouth(普利茅斯 ) colony, called “Separatists”. They were so suppressed (vt.压制，镇压；查禁；抑制；阻止) by the church of England that they sought escape. Those Separatists f
10、irst went into exile (n.流放；被流放者 vt.流放，放逐，使流亡) to Holland, then were aboard “Mayflower” in 1620 and settled down in Plymouth. America, therefore, as an infant was born. They considered that the Church of England had become hopeless and advocated to separate from it since general reform would be usele
11、ss. The other part was the Englishmen in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Though they came later than those of Plymouth colony, they were richer and better-educated.,They devoted themselves to the reform of the Church of England and meant to clear away the rituals (n. 宗教等的仪式)of the Roman Catholic Churc
12、h in it. In reality, only this part of them were true Puritans. They accepted the doctrine of original sin and total depravity (n.堕落，恶习), and predestination(注定), and limited atonement(赎罪，弥补) through a special infusion(灌输，激励) of grace (n.优美(雅) pl.风度；缓期 vt.使优美) from God. The main doctrine of Calvinism
13、 Puritans believed in was first shown in “total depravity (n.堕落，恶习)”. They believed in the “original sin” in which Adam the first man God created sinned and which led to the conclusion that “in Adams fall, we sinned all.” They considered that man was born sinful, was a sinner and could not redeem (v
14、t.弥补；救赎(回)；挽回声誉；兑取现金) his original sinfulness. Moreover, they could not save themselves. Secondly Puritans underscored (vt.画底线) that man would be chosen by God unconditionally (a.绝对的,无条件的).,Why did Puritans come to America? (1) to reform the Church of England (2) to have an entirely new church (3) t
15、o escape religious persecution * Gods chosen people * To seek a new Garden of Eden * To build “City of God on earth”,5. What is the Puritanism? Puritanism is a religious and political movement that developed in England about the middle of the 16th century and later spread influence into the New Engl
16、and in America. Puritanism was a logical aftermath of the Renaissance, the Reformation, the establishment of the Church of England, and the growth of Presbyterianism (a.宗长老会(制)的). Through these movements, one sees emerging the right of the individual to political and religious independence.,American
17、 Puritanism Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church, who came into existence in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were
18、quite a few of them Puritans. Across the pages of American literature Puritanism is written large. It may almost be considered the ethical (伦理学)mode of American thought. As an extreme form of the Protestant sensibility, Puritanism exaggerated (v.夸大，夸张)those protestant traits(叛徒)-especially industry,
19、 frugality(节俭), hardships.,They favored a disciplined, hard, somber (a.暗色的；黯然的), ascetic(克己的), harsh life. All these, according to Max Weber and other analysts of social history contributed to the rise of capitalism. As a culture heritage (n.遗产，继承物，传统), Puritanism did have a profound (a.深度的深远的；见解深刻的
20、；深奥的) influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had an enduring (持久的) influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent (n.程度，范围，限度；广度，宽度，大小), so much a state of mind, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets(信条).,6. Puritanis
21、m in America,Doctrines: - Predestination(注定) - Original sin and total depravity (human beings are basically evil.) - Limited atonement (or the Salvation of a selected few)（赎罪，弥补） (2) Puritan values (creeds): (p5) Hard work, thrift(节俭), piety(虔诚), sobriety(节制,清醒), simple tastes. Puritans are more pra
22、ctical, tougher, and to be ever ready for any misfortune and tragic failure. They are optimistic.,7. Influence (1) American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. (2) American literature is based on a myth, i.e. the Biblical myth of th
23、e Garden of Eden. (3) Puritanism can be compared with Chinese Confucianism knfju:nizm .,They held extreme opinions. They regarded themselves as “chosen people” of God. Those who challenged their way of life were opposing Gods will. They were zealous (a.热衷的) in defense of their own beliefs, intoleran
24、t (a.不容异己的) of others. They drove out or persecuted (vt.迫害，虐待；纠缠，骚扰) those whose opinions seemed dangerous to them. They embraced hardships, industry and frugality(节俭). They favored a disciplined, hard, somber (a.暗色的；黯然的), ascetic(克己的), harsh life. They opposed pleasure and arts. They suspect joy an
25、d laughter as symptoms of sin. They made laws about private morality as well as public behavior. They emphasized a wrathful(.怒气冲冲的；大怒的)God and to forget His mercy. They were much concerned with authority than with democracy.,II. Early American Writers and Poets,1. South, Jamestown, Virginia: Captain
26、 John Smith-first American writer; 8 works Contributions: his description of America were filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, characters and events that were a foundation for the nations literature. He lured the Pilgrims into fleeing here and creating a New land. 2. North, New England, Purita
27、n Writers William Bradford: first governor of Plymouth, The History of Plymouth Plantation, simplicity, earnestness, direct reporting, readable, moving. John Winthrop: first governor of Boston, The History of New England, candid(真正的) simplicity, honesty 3. Two Poets: Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor,J
28、ohn Smith(1580-1631),Introduction to the author He was an English soldier, sailor, and author He is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia. He was a leader of the Virginia佛吉尼亚州 Colony (based at Jamestown) between Septemb
29、er 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay. 切萨皮克湾 Chesapeake Bay 美国东部大西洋沿岸的海湾。南段在弗吉尼亚，北段在马里兰，长311千米，宽540千米 面积约8,365平方千米。有多条河流注入，其中包括萨斯奎汉纳河、帕塔克森特河、波托马 克河和詹姆斯河。詹姆斯敦是海湾区的第一个欧洲人居住区，建于1607年。一年后，J.史密 斯船长探测并绘制了海湾及其各河口的地图。切萨皮克湾的水域有丰富的海洋生物，但到20 世纪70年代，
30、周围地区的开发使得海湾的污染严重，捕鱼量急遽下降。为了弥补损失政府已 采取了各种措施。,2. His literary achievements He is the first American Writer. His first literary work comes from part of a letter with the title “ A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colon
31、y”(1608). A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country (1621) General History of Virginia (1624) 波卡洪塔斯 Pocahontas 波瓦坦族印第安妇女，在弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦善待殖民者，从而维护了英国殖民者与美洲土著之间的和平。为有权势的波瓦坦人酋长之女。她插手营救了被俘的殖民地创建者J.史密斯。其后她改信了基督教，并与殖民地开拓者J.罗尔夫结婚，进一步确保了双方的和平。她后来到英国旅行，获国王接见，但在英国死于天花。,William Bradford(1590-1657),Brad
32、fords statue in Plymouth Rock State Park, Plymouth, Massachusetts,William Bradford(1590-1657),Introduction to the author William Bradford was a leader of the Separatist settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. He was elected thirty times to be the Governor after John Carver died. He was the
33、 second signer and primary architect(建筑师，设计师，缔造者) of the Mayflower Compact in Provincetown Harbor. , the first governor of Plymouth 2. His representative work: The History of Plymouth Plantation (1856).,John Winthrop(1587-1649),Introduction to the author He was the first governor of Boston. He had b
34、een a lawyer and lord of a manor in England. He was elected governor of the Massachusetts Bay Group before sailing and the foremost(首要的，最佳的)leader throughout the remaining 19 years. 2. His major works: Parts of his journal were first published in 1790. The complete work was called The History of New
35、 England which was published in 1826. His work is notable for its simplicity and honesty, yet it is valuable historical materials about that period,Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672),1) Anne Bradstreets Works “Some verses on the Burning of Our House” “The Flesh and the Spirit” The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung
36、Up in America 2) Anne Bradstreets Life * She was born and educated in England. * At the age of 18, she came to America in 1630 with her father and husband. * She had 8 children. * She became known as the “Tenth Muse” who appeared in America.,the first collection published by English colonists living
37、 in America,Edward Taylor,Introduction He was born in England and attended Harvard University. He was the best of the puritan poets in the colonial period. His work followed the style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century, and although Taylor was not the best of these
38、, he showed an authentic(a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的) poetic ability. Most of his works treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on the psalms. His work: Preparatory Meditation,Features of Colonial Poets,1. They were servants of God. 2. They faithfully imitated and transplanted (vt.移栽；移植；使迁移 n.
39、(器官)移植) English literary traditions.,In English style,Puritan poets,III. The Writing Style of Colonial America Literature The writing style of this period is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric (n.雄辩言辞，虚夸的言辞；修辞学) is plain and honest, with a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influenc
40、e of the Bible. All this has left an obvious imprint(v.盖印，刻印) on American writing.,Chapter Two Enlightenment and Independence War Period,The Age of Enlightenment was a cultural movement of intellectuals in the 17th and 18th centuries, which began first in Europe and later in the American colonies. I
41、t promoted science, skepticism and intellectual interchange and opposed superstition, intolerance and some abuses by church and state.,The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its p
42、urpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. It celebrated reasons or rationality, equality and science.,Benjamin Franklin,Born : January 17, 1706 (Boston, Massachusetts Bay, British America ) Died: April 17, 1790 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Uni
43、ted States ) Nationality: American Profession:author, printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor,civic activist, statesman, diplomat Signature :,Franklin stove（富兰克林暖炉）,Urinary catheter （导尿管）,Glass armonica （玻璃琴）,Bifocal glasses（双焦点眼镜）,Success as an inventor an
44、d scientist,inventions,Lightning rod (避雷针),Temperatures effect on electrical conductivity,Concept of cooling,Atlantic Ocean currents,Wave theory of light,Contributions to Science,Oceanography findings, 1785 returned Philadlphia and became the sixth President of the Supreme Executive Council of Penny
45、sylvania, 1776 a delegate to the Second Continental Congress and drafted the Declaration of Independence, 1756 became a member of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce, 1751 established Pennsylvania Hopsital, 1751 opened The Academy and College of Philadelphia, 1736 crea
46、ted the Union Fire Company, 1749 became a Justice of the Peace for Philadelphia,Success as a politician, 1753 both Harvard and Yale awarded hime honorary degrees,Success as an author,Poor Richards Almanack 1733,The Way to Wealth 1758,The Autobiography 1791,Representative works,One of the famous line
47、s in this book： eat to live，not live to eat,The portrayal of the humorous Poor Richard as a character and axioms of wisdom printed on the margins of the pages for more than 20 years. Poor Richard was a convincing character testifying to Franklins talents in story telling.,Poor Richards Almanack,The
48、Way to Wealth,An essay written by Benjamin Franklin in 1758. It is a collection of adages and advice presented in Poor Richards Almanak during its first 25 years of publication, organized into a speech given by “Father Abraham“ to a group of people. Many of the phrases Father Abraham quotes continue
49、 to be familiar today. The essays advice is based on the themes of work ethic and frugality.,Part Four: this section is very brief (about political advocations),Part One: letters to his son,The Autobiography,Part Two: giving a more detailed account of his public library plan,Part Three: discussing “the Rise and Progress of Franklin Philosophical Reputation,A marble statue of Benjamin Franklin stands in the atrium of Be