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1、大学英语 跨文化交际,Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication,Questions for Chapter 4,How can we effectively overcome intercultural communication barriers? Please comment on the saying “we are more alike than unlike” and give facts or examples to support your viewpoint. What is ethnocentrism?,An idiom,The
2、 sum of human wisdom is not contained in any one language, and no single language is capable of expressing all forms and degrees of human comprehension. Ezra Pound,Verbal Intercultural Communication,Self-enhancement / Self-effacement,Significance of Verbal Communication,Language and Culture,Verbal C
3、ommunication Styles,Direct / Indirect,Language as a Reflection of the Environment,Language as a Reflection of Values,Written Communication,Direct Plan,Indirect Plan,Language Diversity,Elaborate / Exacting / Succinct,Instrumental / Affective,Personal / Contextual,Dialect and Sociolect,Pidgin and Ling
4、ua Franca,jargon,Taboo and Euphemism,The Meaning of Words,Lead-in case: Success Story,1.What do you think of Ms. Goshimas personality? 2. Do you think Goshimas verbal communication is influenced by Japanese culture? How did Japanese culture influence her communication style? 3. Why is Mary disappoin
5、ted? How do their verbal communication styles differ?,Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication,Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language. We frequently overlook the significant influence language has o
6、n human behaviors and take speaking and writing for granted. We use words to communicate with the outside world. share the past. exercise some control over the present. form images of the future.,Text A Significance of Verbal Communication,By words the mind winged. -Aristophanes Our task is to devel
7、op an understanding and appreciation of verbal language as it functions in intercultural communication. Diversity in language behavior is perhaps one the of most difficult and persistent problems encountered in intercultural communication.,Text A Significance of Verbal Communication,Text B Language
8、and Culture,Word differences are obvious in various languages. The relation between word and its meaning is arbitrary. For example, in Chinese, we live in a 房子. In English, we live in a house. In Spanish, we live in a casa. In Thai, we live in a ban.,Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication,1. S
9、apir-Whorf Hypothesis,The hypothesis holds that the structure of a language affects the perception of reality of its speakers and thus influences their thought patterns and worldviews. linguistic determinist interpretation-Language structure controls thoughts and cultural norms. linguistic relativit
10、y interpretation-Culture is controlled by and controls language.,Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication,1. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis,Eg. In Arabic, the camel plays significant roles in peoples life, so there are more than 40 words for “camel”. Nothing is more important than rice to the Chinese, s
11、o we have expressions like “人是铁，饭是钢” and “铁饭碗”.,Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication,2. Language as a Reflection of the Environment,Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication,The environment influences the appropriate vocabulary. Language reflects the environment in which we live. Eg. In t
12、he Amazon area snow is not a part of the environment; therefore, people in that region do not have a word for snow. Most Americans use terms such as snow, powder snow, sleet, slush, blizzard, and ice.,3. Language as a Reflection of Values,Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication,Language reflect
13、s cultural values. Eg. Time does not play a role in Navajo life. As a result, the Navajo do not have the differentiated vocabulary connected with time and clocks. One of the problems in dealing with people from other cultures is that we translate concepts from a foreign language and culture with wor
14、ds that fit our expectations. Eg. For Americans “tomorrow” means midnight to midnight, a very precise time period. To Mexicans, in contrast, maana means in the future, soon. Cultural knowledge is as important as linguistic knowledge.,4. The Meaning of Words,Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communicati
15、on,Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings. The results can be humorous, annoying, or costly, depending on the circumstances. Eg. For the American, “administration” in the university context means department chair or dean. For the French, “administration”
16、 means upper-level clerical staff.,Culture influences the style of communication at great level. The communication style is concerned with the use of language.,Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication,Text C Verbal Communication Styles,1.Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles,In the direc
17、t verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speakers intentions. Eg. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request. In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tend to hide the speakers actual intentions. Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabou
18、t and implicit way.,2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Verbal Styles,The self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ones accomplishments and abilities. Eg. In the classified ads, American ad might begin with, “A handsome, athletic male with a good sense of humor s
19、eeks a fun-loving partner” The self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints, hesitations and modest talk. Eg. In the classified ads, Japanese ad might read, “Although I am not very good-looking, Im willing to try my best.”,Diffe
20、rent Ways of Serving Tea,3. Elaborate, Exacting and Succinct Styles,An elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellished language. This style of communication can be seen in many Arab, Middle Eastern, and Afro-American cultures. An exacting style, where persons say no more or less than is needed, is
21、 used by Americans. A succinct style is characterized by the use of concise statements, understatements, and even silence. A succinct style can be found in Japan, China, and some Native American cultures,4. Personal and Contextual Style,The personal communication style emphasizes the individual iden
22、tity of the speaker. Eg. English has only one form for the second person, that is, you. The contextual style highlights ones role identity and status. Eg. Chinese, German and French, for example, have informal and formal forms of the pronoun you (你/您; du/Sie; tu/vous).,5. Instrumental and Affective
23、Style,An instrumental verbal style is sender-based and goal-outcome based. The instrumental speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outcome. The burden of understanding often rests with the speaker. An affective communication style is receiver and process oriented. The affective speaker i
24、s concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication, but with the process. The responsibility of understanding rests with both the speaker and the listener.,The notion of a language is not monolithic and there really exist many types or varieties of the same language. Some language variati
25、ons result from the language user, that is, his or her geographical origin (dialect), or his or her social condition (sociolect). However, some language variations result from the circumstances of communication, such as pidgin and Lingua Franca, taboo and euphemism as well as jargon.,Text D Language
26、 Diversity,1. Dialects and Sociolects,Dialects refer to geographical differences and these differences can be national, regional or local. Eg. American English and British English; Northern English dialects and Southern English dialects; London dialect and Manchester dialect. Sociolects refer not on
27、ly to ones social condition but also to ones style according to the communicative situation. Eg. So-called “Received Pronunciation” in British English has become characteristic of upper class speech in Britain in the 19th century. In a formal situation, one might say “How do you do, Mr. Mullins?” bu
28、t, in an informal situation, one could say “Hi, Jim” or “Howre things going?”,2. Pidgin and Lingua Franca,A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages for restricted purposes such as trading. Pidgin languages possess two characteristics. First, they have no native speakers.
29、Second, the linguistic and grammatical structure of pidgin languages is always simple and based on one or two other languages. Eg. Mixed Cnatonese and British English used in Hong Kong “Long time no see!” is an example of a pidgin expression coined by early Chinese immigrants in the United States.,A
30、 Lingua Franca is also used for communication purposes between different groups of people, each speaking a different language. It is viewed as an international means of communication. Eg. Latin was a Lingua Franca in the Middle Ages and French became a Lingua Franca in the 18th century. Today Englis
31、h is considered a Lingua Franca.,3. Taboo and Euphemism,Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite. Eg. Number 4 is taboo to the Chinese. Euphemism is the linguistic counterpart of taboo because it substitutes the offensive and di
32、sturbing vocabulary. Eg. “senior citizen” instead of “old people”; “deprived” or “underprivileged” instead of “poor people”.,4. Jargon,Jargon refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law. Jargon may change over
33、 time. Eg. “touch-and-go” used by pilots. In a gambling casino “stiff” is now used to replace “Tom” to describe a poor tipper, and “live one” rather than “George” is used to describe a good tipper.,Text E Cultural Influence on Written Communication,People should be aware that culture has some unavoi
34、dable impact on written communication. Business writing is an important aspect of written communication. The organization of routine messages organization has basically two styles: direct plan and indirect plan.,Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication,1. Direct Plan,In direct-plan reports, peop
35、le should avoid ambiguity, get the message across clearly, and be concise. Sentences are short and use a subject-verb-object pattern instead of complex structures. Active-voice verbs are considered more effective than passive voice verbs. The main message is put in the first sentence. This plan is f
36、avored by results-oriented cultures. Eg. American business messages.,Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication,2. Indirect Plan,The indirect plan does not put the main message in the first sentence. This plan has other priorities than the quick delivery of ideas, such as nurturing a relationship or developing some other context for the message. Indirectness is often accompanied by deliberate ambiguity. This plan is favored by relationship-oriented culture. Eg. Japanese business messages.,Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication,