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1、语法专题一：名词名词是英语中非常重要的一类词，也是高考必考内容之一。2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲附录语法项目表中对名词考查列了四项：可数名词及其单复数不可数名词专有名词 名词所有格。纵观历年高考试题，试题中出现的考点主要有：可数名词的单复数形式、名词的所有格的构成及应用、不可数名词的辨认、名词的功能、名词辨义、名词与其他词类之间的转换等。2015年高考全国卷第65题（语法填空）考查的是可数名词单复数，括号里给出painting，结合题意要将其变成paintings；第77题（短文改错）考查的是不可数名词air，原文给出的是airs，要求考生将其改成air。而在完形填空中，有7题（
2、总共20小题）是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。2016年高考全国卷第61题（语法填空）考查的是词性转换，括号里给出的是动词attract，根据题意要将其改成名词attraction；第69题（语法填空）考查的是可数名词单复数，括号里给出day，结合题意要将其变成复数形式days；第74题考查的是词性转换，题目中给的是形容词honest，根据题意需要将其改为名词honesty。而在完形填空中，有4题（总共20小题）是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。2017年高考全国卷第62题（语法填空）考查的是可数名词单复数，括号里给出effect，结合题意要将其变成effects，构成side effects（
3、副作用）；第75题（短文改错）考查的是可数名词单复数，原句中给出的是word，结合题意要将其变成words。而在完形填空中，有5题（总共20小题）是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名、地名、人名、团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词China，the Germans，Johnbook，studentteam，family，armyinformation，lovemilk，water，honey II. 名词的数： 1. 规则可数名词的复数形式：一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap
4、-maps， sea-seas， girl-girls， day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes， box-boxes，watch-watches， dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves，thief-thieves， knife-knives， wife-wives，wolf-wolves，half-halves加-schief-chiefs， proof-proofs， roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties， family-fa
5、milies， story-stories， city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys， boy-boys，day-days， ray-rays， Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes， hero-heroes， potato-potatoes，tomato-tomatoes一些外来词加-spiano-pianos， photo-photos， auto-autos， kilo-kilos， solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes， volcano-volcano
6、es/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios， bamboo-bamboos， zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths， mouth-mouths， month-months，path-paths 2. 不规则可数名词复数：1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks,
7、goods, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)，woods（树林）；works（工厂、作品）forces（
8、军队）7表示某国人加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数wom
9、en singers, men doctors III. 名词的所有格： 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分三种：一是名词词尾加s构成，多表示有生命的东西；二是由介词of加名词构成，多表示无生命的东西；三是双重所有格。 1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father， Jacks book， her son-in-laws photo复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room， the twins mother 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys， womens rights以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dicken
10、s novels，Charless job， the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems， Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems， Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors， the barbers，the tailors， my uncles 2. s所有格的用法：表示时间、距离todays newspaper， five weeks holiday，ten
11、 minutes walk 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere， the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan，the worlds population， Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew， majoritys view， the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey， five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time， the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds
12、eye view， a stones throw， at ones wits end(不知所措) 3.of所有格的构成及用法： of所有格是以of+名词构成的一种词组形式，主要用于表示无生命东西的名词，表示所有关系。如:the workshop of the factory 工厂的车间 the door of the room 房间的门the legs of the chair 椅子腿 the cover of the book这本书的封面 表示有生命东西的名词，也可用of所有格表示所有关系，或者表示主谓关系、动宾关系或事物的来源等。如:the death of Stalin 斯大林的逝世 t
13、he arrival of the chairman 主席的到来 the laws of Newton 牛顿定律 4.双重所有格： s所有格有时可以和of所有格结合在一起表示所有关系，这叫做双重所有格。双重所有格的形式为： 1)of十名词所有格：a friend of my brothers.我弟弟的一位朋友；a new design of Mr. Browns.布朗先生的一项新设计 2)of+名词性物主代词：a friend of mine我的一位朋友 ；a necklace of yours你的一条项链 IV. 名词的修饰语 可数名词和不可数名词各有其不同的修饰语，详见下表：适应情况修饰语
14、只修饰可数名词单数a/an，one，another，either，neither，every，many a只修饰可数名词复数many，these，those，a few，a good/great many，a good/great number of，both，several，two，three.只修饰不可数名词much，a little，a bit of，a great/good deal of，a great/large/small amount of既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词the，ones，some，any，no，all，a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a
15、 large quantity of，other，half，one-third 注意：some在表示 某一，any在表示任何时也可修饰可数名词单数。this和that只能修饰可数名词单数和不可数名词，last，next，the other和序数词只能修饰可数名词单数和复数。 短文改错中常考的不可数名词有： water，advice，air，work，time，homework，bread，milk，fun，information，progress，practice，weather，news，wealth，voice，room（空间）, knowledge等。 V.高考英语短文改错及语法填空考点
16、分析及训练名词 考点规律分析：短文改错的名词考点主要涉及名词的单复数问题，即在该用复数的地方误用其单数，或在该用单数的地方误用其复数。此外，还常考名词的所有格、名词与其他词类之间的转换等。语法填空主要考查名词的单复数以及名词与其他词类之间的转换。名词单句改错之真题训练：1. We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream. 2.We climb everywhere, not only in America. We have been to Europe many time. 3.There are b
17、ranch library in many villages.4.I hope that you two could come and visit us some times soon. 5.Today I visited the Smiths my first time visit to an American family. 6. They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question. 7. We study quite a few subject, such as maths, Chine
18、se, English and physics.8. and often watch football match on TV together. 9.Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day! 10. She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success.11. I used to love science class all of them biology, chemistry, geography, physics. 12. They did not wan
19、t me to do any work at family. 13. so that Ill get good marks in all my subject. 14.On the way up I was busy taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful. 15. No one worries much about the radio program young people listen to.16. Their word were a great encouragement to me. 17. You know, that w
20、as a dinner we had waited for several month.” 18. but after class we become stranger at once. 19. You can find all kinds of information in just a few minute on the Internet. 20. Nowadays millions of people of all age take pleasure in a hobby 21. She was doing her homeworks one Sunday morning when22.
21、 Without enough knowledges, you can never teach well. 23.The airs we breathe is getting dirtier and dirtier. 名词单句改错之模拟训练：1. Women live longer than men in most country.2. The film is very interesting. I have seen it many time.3. Its said that all the ticket have been sold out.4. The children spend a
22、lot of times watching TV.5. I met a lot of interesting peoples on holiday.6. The flower in the park were all pleasing.7. As the day went by, she became less anxious.8. Computer are becoming more and more popular in the country.9. Its one of the most interesting book that Ive ever read. 10. He made h
23、is first time visit to China when he was 18.11.Hearing the news, the woman burst into tear.12. He hasnt lived here long, but he has a great many friend here.13. I was afraid she would have left for family when I got there.14. Hes getting married next month and decides to buy some furnitures.15. Ther
24、es a papers factory near our school.名词单句改错之提升训练： A级 1. From then on, we became good friend and often played together.2. Both Marx and Engels were Germen.3.Did you take their advices yesterday? 4. Most of them are woman doctors.5.We can have funs at the seaside this weekend.6. There are four baskets
25、of apple in that room.7. This computer cost me eight thousands yuan.8. Tom looks happy today. Hes got many good news from here.9. This hat of my father is rather old.10.He made many mistake in the exam because of carelessness.11.I went to a nearby food store to buy some breads this morning.12.I am e
26、ighteen year old now.13.I have caring teachers and friendly classmate in my class.14.As student,I will study hard and try to pass the exam.15.Nowadays,we can get many information on the internet.B级 1. Will you please make a room for the lady outside?2. The number of the students in our school are in
27、creasing.3. She has made some progresses in English.4. His work is better than anyone else.5. Weve missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no choices but to take a taxi.6. He dropped the coffees cup and broke it.7. He gained his wealths by printing works of famous writers.8. My brother has had one of
28、 his tooth taken out.9. Youll find this map of great valuable in helping you to get round London.10.What a beautiful weather we are having recently!11.Tables are made of woods.12.Its impossible for so few workers to do so many work in a single day.13.What happened to your voices?Why couldnt we hear
29、you?14.What a lot of works I have to finish today! 15.At meal times，some customer have to wait outside the restaurant.16.As a writer，he is success because he has written many great works.名词单句语法填空之真题训练：1.Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels.But for tour
30、ists like me, pandas are its top_(attract)2.The nursery team switches him every few _(day) with his sister.3.Handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of _(achieve)4.Recent_(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.5.Visiting an app
31、le event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of _(apple)6.Although these _(measure) are not effective forever, they are vital for now.7.The college years are supposed to be a time for important_(grow) in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult identity.8.The _(life) of these
32、 people have finally been recorded thanks to the effects of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin.9.The weather _(effect) both good and bad, are felt in many places.10.Some schools will have to make _(adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform.11.Go and say sorry to your Mom, Dave. Id like to,
33、 but Im afraid she wont be happy with my _(apologize)12.One of the most effective ways to reduce _(stressful) is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.13.When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his _(balanced) and had a bad fall.14.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give
34、 it some_(think) and then let me know.15.Why not buy a secondhand car first if you dont have enough money for a new one? Thats a good _(suggest)16.Her _(motivate) for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.名词单句语法填空之模拟训练：1.Ants are gathering in their winter food in the mi
35、ddle of summer and make _(prepare) for the long cold winter.2.With great _ (satisfy)，he soon fell asleep.3.Its still a useful and pleasant form of _ (communicate)4.I had no _(choose) but to prepare for it, though.5.The students with hobbies left school with many extra_(skill)6.On the other hand, cho
36、psticks reflect _(gentle) and kindness.7.So are most of the _(express) made with the word hot.8.Actually we can encourage ourselves to work efficiently, full of _(determine)9.I named them “cookies” because I always feel that children can bring great happiness and _(excite) to my life.10.The _ (chang
37、e) are gradual and require a lot of efforts and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.学习札记：_参考答案及解析语法专题一：名词名词单句改错之真题训练：1.waters 改为water，因“水”为物质名词，不可数2.time改为 times，many times 意为“许多次”3.library 改为 libraries，因其前的谓语are为复数4.times 改为 time，some time 意为“某时”5.去掉time，因first 已含有“次”的意思6.question 改为 questions，因
38、其前有表示复数意义的修饰语 lots of7.subject 改为 subjects，因 a few 后应接复数可数名词8.match 改为 matches9.return改为 returns，many happy returns of the day! 为祝贺生日的惯用表达10.schoolmate 改为 schoolmates，因校友不只一个，另外根据其后的 all 也可推知11.class 改为 classes，指其后提到的所有课程12.family 改为 home，因 at home 为固定短语13.subject 改为 subjects，请注意前面的 all14.picture 改为
39、 pictures，picture 作为可数名词，其前应有限定词，或为复数形式15.program 改为 programs，从句意上看，此处应用复数16.word 改为 words，注意其后的复数动词17.month 改为 months，因 several 后要用可数名词的复数形式18.stranger改为strangers，由本行前面的we可知应该用名词复数19.minute改为minutes，因为a few后面的名词一定是复数20.age改为ages，因谈到不止一个人的年龄，age用复数；of all ages指各个年龄阶段的人21.homeworks改为homework，因它是不可数名词
40、，没有复数形式22.knowledges改为knowledge，因 knowledge是不可数名词，没有复数形式23.airs改为air，因为air是不可数名词，没有复数形式名词单句改错之模拟训练：1.country 改为 countries，因其前的most 意为“大多数”。2.time 改为 times，many times 意为“许多次”。3. ticket 改为 tickets，因它是可数名词，且受 all the 的修饰。4.times 改为 time，因 time 表示“时间”时不可数。5. peoples 改为 people，因 people 表示“人们”，本身是复数，其后不能再
41、加词尾-s。（注：复数的peoples 表示不同的民族）6. flower 改为 flowers，因为其后的谓语为复数。7. day 改为 days，句意为“随着时间的推移，她变得不那么焦急了”，此处的 day 应用复数。8. computer 改为 computers，根据句意和其后的谓语 are，可知 computer 要用复数。9. book 改为 books，因 one of 后表示范围的名词要用复数。10. 去掉 time，his first visit 即为他第一次访问，其中已包含“次”的概念。11. tear 改为 tears，因 tear 为可数名词，不要误认为它是不可数名词。
42、12. friend 改为 friends，因a great many 后要接复数名词。13. family 改为 home，leave for home 意为“动身回家”。14. furnitures 改为 furniutre，因它是不可数名词。15.papers 改为 paper，表示“纸厂”、“纸花”、“纸飞机”等，直接用 paper 作定语。名词单句改错之提升训练： A级 1.friend改为friends2.Germen改为Germans3.advices 改为advice4.woman改为women5.funs改为fun6.apple改为apples7.thousands改为tho
43、usand8.many改为much9. Father改为fathers10.mistake改为 mistakes11.breads改为bread12.year 改为years13.classmate改为classmates14.student前面加a15.many改为much B级 1.去掉a2.are改为is3.progresses改为progress4.else改为elses5.choices改为choice6.coffees改为coffee7.wealths改为wealth8. tooth改为teeth9.valuable改为value10.去掉a11. woods改为wood12.ma
44、ny改为much13.voices改为voice 14.works改为work15.customer改为customers16.success改为successful或者在success前面加a名词单句语法填空之真题训练：1attraction空格前有形容词和物主代词，因此要用其名词形式。2daysfew作来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为days。3achievement介词of后要用名词作宾语。固定表达a sense of achievement成就感。4studies考查主谓一致。根据后面的谓语动词show可知，主语应该是复数形式。5apples在苹果节人们可以看到，并常常能尝到各种各样的苹果。a variety of各种各样，后面跟复数形式。6measures考查名词单复数，根据前面的these和后面的are，可以判断应用