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1、Power Distance I,Cultural Dimensions 文化纬度理论,文化跨度理论是跨文化理论中至今最具影响力的一个理论，由荷兰管理学者郝夫斯特（Hofstede）提出。 通过对各国的IBM员工的调查研究，郝夫斯特发现有五大因素可以帮助我们区分民族文化对雇员的工作价值观和工作态度的影响。,五大因素(5 cultural dimensions ),权力距离指数（Power Distance Index缩写为PDI） 个人主义指数（Individualism缩写为IDV） 男性主义指数（Masculinity缩写为MAS） 不确定因素的规避指数（Uncertainty Avoid
2、ance Index缩 写为UAI） 长期取向指数（Long-Term Orientation缩写为LTO）,For references, you can go to the following website to check out more details and different scores of different countries. http:/www.geert- （You can find the scores of your country on his website.）,A.权力距离 Power Distance Index,Power Distance Inde
3、x (Authority Dimension),Power Distance Index (PDI) focuses on the degree of equality, or inequality, between people in the countrys society. A High Power Distance ranking indicates that inequalities of power and wealth have been allowed to grow within the society. These societies are more likely to
4、follow a caste system that does not allow significant upward mobility of its citizens. A Low Power Distance ranking indicates the society de-emphasizes the differences between citizens power and wealth. In these societies equality and opportunity for everyone is stressed.,Formation and definition of
5、 PDI 权力距离指数的来源和定义,Status 现状 Formation 形成、来源 Definition 定义 Please turn to our handouts 请同学们看材料,Status现状：Inequality in society,There is inequality everywhere, in any society. Some people are stronger, smarter, wealthier, or more powerful than some other people. But Physical and intellectual capacities
6、, power, wealth, and status may or may not go together.,In some countries, people try to resolve the inequality. In other countries, people feel it is a good thing, rather than a problem.,Formation of PDI PDI数据的收集和形成,IBM员工，来自50多个国家 对相同级别的，却来自不同国家的员工，测试了相同的问题，并用1、2、3、4、5来表示他们的答案。,例题 在你的经历中，你是否经常遇到这个事
7、情：下属很害怕向他们的上级表达不同意见？（答案是1-5，1代表非常频繁，5代表非常少）,这些问题都是由IBM公司的员工回答的，他们的这些答案代表了一个相对的不同，由于他们在公司里面的职位和公司文化是相似的，因此答案的不同很大程度上代表了他们所来自的不同的文化背景。 Lets refer to Table 2.1 - page 27,Definition定义,Power Distance: the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country except
8、and accept that power is distributed unequally 权利距离的定义： 一个社会中的人群对权力分配不平等这一事实的接受程度。,Handout reading: Family School workplace,Power Distance US China |-(40)-|-(80)-| 0 50 100,Limited dependence of subordinates on bosses Preference for consultation Ready to approach and contradict their bosses Emotiona
9、l distance is small,Considerable dependence of subordinates on bosses Preference for dependence/rejecting it entirely Not likely to approach and contradict their bosses Emotional distance is large,Power Distance in families US China |-(40)-|-(80)-| 0 50 100,Children are treated as equals as soon as
10、they are able to act. Children learn to be independent and have to do their own stuff when they are very young. A child is allowed to contradict his/her parents. They learn to say no very early.,Children are expected and educated to be obedient to their parents. Independent behavior of child is not
11、encouraged. Younger ones are always being taken care of by older ones and parents. Younger children are expected to yield to older ones. Authority continues to play a role in childrens life, even if they are adults.,Power Distance at school US China |-(40)-|-(80)-| 0 50 100,Teachers and students are
12、 treated as equals to each other. The educational process is student-centered. Teachers have no responsibility for the students study. The students are expected to find their own way of study. They can express disagreement in front of the teacher. Overt student feedback.,Teachers are treated with re
13、spect, even outside school. “guru” The educational process is teacher-centered. Teachers planned an intellectual paths for the students to follow. Students speak up only when invited to. Covert student feedback.,Power Distance in the workplace US China |-(40)-|-(80)-| 0 50 100,Decentralization is po
14、pular. Subordinates expect to be consulted on decisions. An ideal boss is a resourceful democrat. Privileges and status symbols are frowned on.,Power is centralized as much as possible in a few hands. Subordinates expect to be told what to do. An ideal boss is a good father. Privileges and status sy
15、mbols are expected and popular.,Power Distance II,The origins of Power distance differences,Figure 5.2 Low and High Power Distance Cultures,Low Power Distance High Power Distance Germanic Europe Africa Scandinavian Europe Asia Anglo Saxons Eastern Europe n Australia Mediterranean Europe n Canada Lat
16、in America n United Kingdom Middle East n United States n New Zealand Scandinavian n.(北欧一地区,包括挪威、瑞典、丹麦、冰岛的)斯堪的纳维亚人语 Handout page 43,Quiz 5.1: Weather and Culture,In northern hemispheres with harsher weather patterns and lower population density, would a societys major enemy be: A. other groups of pe
17、ople B. nature In southern hemispheres with more moderate climates and higher population density, would a societys major enemy be: A. other groups of people B. nature Handout page 45,Figure 5.3 National Culture Vs. Subculture,Country Subculture Netherlands (low PDI) Banking (High PDI) Brazil (High P
18、DI) Musicians (low PDI) Canada (Low PDI) Military (high PDI) China (high PDI) Website Designers (Low PDI),Quiz 5.4: Power Distance and Gender,How would you match the following in comparison to the national average U.S. Power Distance score? A American women A. lower PDI scores B American men B. higher PDI scores B Hispanic-Americans B African-Americans,