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1、C-E TRANSLATION 翻译概论,翻译的定义 翻译的标准 直译与意译 归化与异化,第一章目录：,翻译课程不仅仅要讲翻译实践，而且还应该讲翻译历史与翻译理论，这三者的关系应该是平等互动的关系，不能偏废。翻译史是对翻译理论和翻译实践的线性总结，翻译理论是在不同的历史时期对翻译实践的总结归纳和升华，而翻译实践则是翻译理论和翻译历史的基础。没有翻译实践，无论翻译理论还是翻译历史都无从谈起。 林克难,1翻译的定义和内涵：,译史译论译作并重,经验科学中西合璧,林克难,第一节 翻译的作用与使命,2中国几位翻译家的理论,严复：信达雅 傅雷：神似 钱钟书：化境 刘重德：信、达、切,第二节 翻译标准,中国
2、翻译理论家的标准：,西方翻译理论家的标准：,第三节 直译与意译,1. 增译法 (Amplification),知己知彼，百战不殆； 不知彼而知己，一胜一负； 不知己不知彼，每战必殆。,（若）知己（而又）知彼，（则） 百战不殆；（若）不知彼而知己，（则）（将）一胜（及）一负；（若）不知己（而又）不知彼，（则）每战（将）必殆。 You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if
3、you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.,他跑来跑去的寻。他想寻一个窟穴，躲了身子，将石子堵了穴口，隐隐的蜕壳。他知道外面蜕壳是危险的。身子还软，要被别的螃蟹吃去的。这并非害怕，他实在亲眼见过。,He dashed here and there in search of a cave to hide. He was going to block
4、up the mouth of the cave so that he could moult in secret. He knew it would be very dangerous to shed his shell in the open because, with his new shell still being soft, he might be eaten up by other crabs. This fear was not groundless for he himself had really seen it happen to other moulting crabs
5、.,2. 省译法 （Omission）,我们必须培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。 她看看我，又看看其他人，没有说话。 我们必须坚持社会主义道路，坚持人民民主专政，坚持共产党的领导，坚持马列主义、毛泽东思想。,We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems. He looked at me, and then at the others, and said nothing. We must adhere to the socialist road, the peoples democratic dictatorship, th
6、e Communist Partys leadership and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.,多年来那个国家一直有严重的失业现象。 For many years unemployment has been rampant in that country. 中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。 Chinas modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations 我们要逐步推进商业、外贸、金融、
7、保险、证券、电信、旅游和中介服务等领域的对外开放。 Commerce, foreign trade, banking, insurance, securities, telecommunications, tourism and intermediary services should be gradually opened to the outside world.,依法严厉打击各种犯罪活动，坚决扫除黄赌毒等社会丑恶现象。 We must crack down on all criminal activities according to the law and eradicate such
8、 social evils as pornography, gambling and drug abuse and trafficking. 我们强烈要求美国政府就此次事件向中国郑重道歉。 We demand that US government apologize to China for this incident. 只有充分发展商品经济，才能把经济真正搞活，使各企业增加效率。 The development of a commodity economy is the only way to invigorate our economy and prompt enterprises to
9、raise their efficiency,3. 词类转换（Conversion）,(4) 此路不通 No thoroughfare! (5) 不准入内！ No entry! (6) 绝对不许违反这个原则。 No violation of this principle can be tolerated.,巴黎圣母院 Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris,非公莫入！ No admittance except on business! (2) 不准拍照！ No camera! (3) 照常营业。 Business as usual.,7) 回想起这些事情，使他的生活增添了
10、乐趣。 。 a. To remember these will add zest to his life. b. The remembrance of these will add zest to his life. 8) 我们决不满足于现在的成就。 We are not content with our present achievements.,9) 朱总理，中央及有关部委领导同志，在华外国专家出席了宴会 Present at the banquet were Premier Zhu, leading figures of the central government and the re
11、levant ministries and commissions, and foreign experts working in China. 10) 空气是这样的青香，使人胸脯里感到分外凉爽、舒畅。 The air was fresh and fragrant; it gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.,4. 正说反译、反说正译,他安然无恙地回来了。 He returned safe and sound. 据悉联军给养不足。 It is reported that the coalition troops a
12、re short of supplies. 他没有再言语，听任老板在那里滔滔不绝。 Withholding his opinion for the moment, he listened to his boss holding forth. 外表往往是靠不住的。 Appearances are often deceptive. 美国不失体面地接受了这项和平方案。 The U.S.A accepted the peace proposal with dignity.,我完全同意。 I cant agree with you more. 你们大错特错了。 We couldnt be more mi
13、staken. 他为这件事竭尽全力。 He spared no pains doing this. 她对他百依百顺。 She denied him nothing. 当生活出现小摩擦时，美国人并不去考虑是谁的责任，只要给对方带来不方便，都要说一声sorry. When conflict occurs in everyday life, Americans, instead of considering whose responsibility it is, will say sorry, so long as it brings inconvenience to others.,A. 一天男神
14、为了表达自己的爱慕之情，特意送了一面又大又亮的神镜给女神。女神在接过神镜时，由于心情过于激动，镜子竟然从她颤抖的手中滑落，掉到山下，碎成了108块，从此给九寨沟留下了108个形态各异、晶晶闪亮的湖泊。,练习,B. 当前，我国农业发展又处在一个关键时期。今年要按照统筹城乡发展的要求，采取更直接、更有力的政策措施，加强农业，支持农业，保护农业，努力增加农民收入。 解决农业、农村和农民问题，是我们全部工作的重中之重。,One day the god presented a big and shiny divine mirror to the goddess as a token of love. T
15、he goddess reached out to take the mirror, but she was so excited and nervous that the mirror slipped from her trembling fingers and dropped to the valleys, breaking into 108 pieces. The 108 mirror pieces turned out to be 108 winkling and glittering crystal lakes of different sizes, covering the lan
16、d of Jiuzhaigou. 一天男神为了表达自己的爱慕之情，特意送了一面又大又亮的神镜给女神。女神在接过神镜时，由于心情过于激动，镜子竟然从她颤抖的手中滑落，掉到山下，碎成了108块，从此给九寨沟留下了108个形态各异、晶晶闪亮的湖泊。,句子翻译（上）练习,Once again, Chinas agriculture is in a crucial period of development. This year we must take more direct and effective policies and measures to strengthen, support and
17、protect agriculture and increase rural incomes in line with the need to balance urban and rural development. Solving problems facing agriculture, rural areas and farmers is a top priority in all our works. 当前，我国农业发展又处在一个关键时期。今年要按照统筹城乡发展的要求，采取更直接、更有力的政策措施，加强农业，支持农业，保护农业，努力增加农民收入。 解决农业、农村和农民问题，是我们全部工作
18、的重中之重.,句子翻译（上）练习,句子翻译（下）重译法,(1) 沉默啊！沉默！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。 Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence. (2) 孩子就是孩子，不要太认真了。 A Child is a child. Dont be too serious to him. (3) 你答应了帮助他就应当帮助他。 You should help him since you have promised to do so. (4) “妈，别听王奶奶的！王奶奶是个老顽固！” “Ma, do
19、nt listen to Granny Wang; shes a diehard”,(1). 鼎湖山整个地区为热带、亚热带森林所覆盖，气候独特。 Dinghu Mountain is covered by tropical as well as subtropical forest and has a unique climate. (2). 他们今年遭灾了。 They were hit by a natural calamity this year. (3). 必须保证8小时睡眠。 Eight hours sleep must be guaranteed. (4). 弄的不好，就会前功尽弃。
20、 If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.,句子翻译（下）语态变换法,活到老，学到老。 One is never too old to learn. 十点钟了，他还没有回来。 Its ten oclock now. He didnt return home yet. 下雨了，我们快走吧。 Its raining now; lets hurry up. 必须保重产品质量。 The quality of product must be guaranteed. 去年发现了一种稀有元素。 A rare ele
21、ment was found last year. 封面上印着一个猎人的像。 The figure of a hunter was printed on the cover.,句子翻译（下）无主句的译法,现在很难说谁对谁错。 At the moment it is difficult to tell who is right and who is wrong. 除了枪声，再没有其他声音了。 There was no sound but that of gunfire. 在经济建设的实践中，已经涌现了大批的优秀人才。 There have emerged a large number of ta
22、lented persons in economic construction. 中华人民共和国万岁！ Long live the Peoples Republic of China! 忠诚党的教育事业。 Be loyal to the Partys educational cause. 对什么人说什么话。 Speak different words to different people.,句子翻译（下）无主句的译法,翻译练习,中美两国的社会制度和对外政策有着本质的区别。但是，双方同意，各国不论社会制度如何，都应根据尊重各国的主权和领土完整、不侵犯别国、不干涉别国内政、平等互利、和平共处的原
23、则来处理国与国之间的关系。国际争端应在此基础上与以解决，而不诉诸武力和武力威胁。,术语： 对外政策：foreign affairs 主权：sovereignty 领土完整：territorial integrity 内政： internal affairs 和平共处：peaceful coexistence 争端：dispute,中美两国的社会制度和对外政策有着本质的区别。但是，双方同意，各国不论社会制度如何，都应根据尊重各国的主权和领土完整、不侵犯别国、不干涉别国内政、平等互利、和平共处的原则来处理国与国之间的关系。国际争端应在此基础上与以解决，而不诉诸武力和武力威胁。 There are
24、essential differences between China and the United States in their social systems and foreign policies. However, the two sides have agreed that countries, regardless of their social systems, should conduct their relations on the principles of respect of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states, non-aggression against other states, non-interference in the internal affairs of other states, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. International disputes should be settled on this basis, without resorting to the use or the threat of force.,句子翻译（下）翻译练习,