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1、2007/6,1,Unit Four,Inaugural Address,2007/6,2,Teaching Aims,To acquaint students with the historical background of the text. To enable students to appreciate the style of Kennedys speech. To help students to learn the different styles of Churchill and Kennedys speeches,2007/6,3,J. F. Kennedys profil
2、e,- the 35th president of the United States, was the first Roman Catholic to become president of the United Stated. At 43 he was also the youngest man ever elected to the highest office of his country. Born: May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts, the second born of 9 children Family source: Iris
3、h Death: assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas for a speech-making tour, Buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia Marriage: Jacqueline Lee Bouvier (1929-1994), on September 12, 1953 Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1940), entered the
4、 Navy Political Party: Democrat Career: Author; officer, U.S. Navy, 1941-45; newspaper correspondent; Member of U.S. House of Representatives, 1947-53; United States Senator, 1953-61; 1955, wrote Profiles in Courage, which won the Pulitzer Prize in history. President of the United States, 1961-63,20
5、07/6,4,John Fitzgerald Kennedy (19171963),Born: May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts Died: November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas Nickname: “JFK“ Married: Jacqueline Lee Bouvier (1929-1994), on September 12, 1953 Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1940) Political P
6、arty: Democrat,2007/6,5,On January 20, 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy is sworn in as 35th President of the United States.,2007/6,6,Kennedys major contributions,1960s was a time when racism, national safety and beginning of Vietnam crisis were getting tense. His Inaugural Address offered the memorable
7、 injunction: “Ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country.“ As President, he set out to redeem his campaign pledge to get America moving again. His economic programs launched the country on its longest sustained expansion since World War II; before his death, he lai
8、d plans for a massive assault on persisting pockets of privation and poverty. Responding to ever more urgent demands, he took vigorous action in the cause of equal rights, calling for new civil rights legislation. His vision of America extended to the quality of the national culture and the central
9、role of the arts in a vital society. He wished America to resume its old mission as the first nation dedicated to the revolution of human rights. With the Alliance for Progress and the Peace Corps, he brought American idealism to the aid of developing nations. But the hard reality of the Communist c
10、hallenge remained.,2007/6,7,Shortly after his inauguration, Kennedy permitted a band of Cuban exiles, already armed and trained, to invade their homeland. The attempt to overthrow the regime of Fidel Castro was a failure. Soon thereafter, the Soviet Union renewed its campaign against West Berlin. Ke
11、nnedy replied by reinforcing the Berlin garrison and increasing the Nations military strength, including new efforts in outer space. Confronted by this reaction, Moscow, after the erection of the Berlin Wall, relaxed its pressure in central Europe. Instead, the Russians now sought to install nuclear
12、 missiles in Cuba. When this was discovered by air reconnaissance in October 1962, Kennedy imposed a quarantine on all offensive weapons bound for Cuba. While the world trembled on the brink of nuclear war, the Russians backed down and agreed to take the missiles away. The American response to the C
13、uban crisis evidently persuaded Moscow of the futility of nuclear blackmail. Kennedy now contended that both sides had a vital interest in stopping the spread of nuclear weapons and slowing the arms race-a contention which led to the test ban treaty of 1963. The months after the Cuban crisis showed
14、significant progress toward his goal of “a world of law and free choice, banishing the world of war and coercion.“ His administration thus saw the beginning of new hope for both the equal rights of Americans and the peace of the world.,2007/6,8,Inauguration Day (Teachers Book: 87-88) Started from Ge
15、orge Washington, on April 30, 1789,Since 1937, Inauguration Day has been changed to Jan, 20. On this day every four years the newly elected president of the United states faces the people for the first time. Takes the presidential oath of office and delivers his inaugural address. Presidential oath
16、Traditionally administered by the Chief Justice, is prescribed in Article II, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States. The oath runs as follows: “ I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve,
17、 protect and defend the constitution of the United States.” Inaugural Address Memorable words have been uttered in inaugural addresses. The Inaugural parade and Ball,2007/6,9,Cold War,It refers to the period 19531964. The United States and the nations of Western Europe began to fear Soviet Power. Th
18、e Soviets were feared of Western Power. A situation of distrust and hostility between them is called Cold War. The most visible part of The Cold War was the arms race. Massive and expensive militarization movements on the part of both nations involved caused a new psychology to develop. Mutually ass
19、ured destruction (appropriately know as MAD) was the philosophy that both nations had the power to destroy each other completely in the event of an attack. The theory was based on three ideas. One: both nations have enough weapons to destroy the other, two: both nations can detect a first strike bef
20、ore it arrives, and three: both nations are able to respond adequately before they hit by the first strike. The invention and perfection of the International Ballistic Missile (ICBM) was the beginning of MAD.,2007/6,10,Arms race,An arms race is a competition between two or more countries for militar
21、y supremacy. Each party competes to produce superior numbers of weapons or superior military technology in a technological escalation. Historical examples of arms races abound. One significant recent example was the race to develop more and better nuclear weapons during the Cold War. The term “arms
22、race“ is used generically to describe any competition where there is no absolute goal, only the relative goal of staying ahead of the other competitors. Evolutionary arms races are common occurrences .,Back,2007/6,11,General understanding of the speech,The object of a political speech is to explain,
23、 convince and persuade the people that what he is saying and planning to do best represents their interests so they should support him. As president of the United States, Kennedy has to address a worldwide audience. He has to appeal not only to the American people but also to the different groups of
24、 nations in the international community. The message in the speech is clear. The United States, the self-appointed leader of the “free democracies”, is prepared to pay any price to defend human rights and the liberty and independence of free nations, so these nations should support and accept the le
25、adership of the United States. There is veiled threat, warning and advice to the enemy camp.,2007/6,12,2007/6,13,Part One (para 15) A general statement of basic policy goals;,Questions: 1) What does Kennedy mean by a victory of a party, but a celebration of freedom? 2) What are an end and a beginnin
26、g and renewal and change referred to respectively? 3) Why did he say that the world is very different now? What are the differences does he have in mind? Do you agree with him? 4) What belief is still at issue around the globe? Why did he say that? 5) What does he mean by saying “heirs of that first
27、 Revolution”? 6) Comment on the language. Find out all the rhetorical devices: parallel structure, repetition, antithesis, biblical style. 7) Comment on the effect of the first part of the speech. DO you think it is good? In what way?,2007/6,14,Words and expressions,signify: to represent, mean, or b
28、e a sign of something Some tribes use special facial markings to signify status. Hamilton waved his hand to signify that he didnt mind what they decided. He turned away from her slightly to signify his indifference prescribe: to set down as a rule or direction; order. What punishment does the law pr
29、escribe for this crime? 法律规定对这种犯罪处以什么刑法? Good citizens do what the laws prescribe. Someone who behaves as foolishly as you has no rights to prescribe how others should behave. Government schools should work for a prescribed number of days each year. Whats your prescription for a happy marriage?,2007
30、/6,15,mortal: adj. of man 人类的 Desire, like all things mortal, passes swiftly. Its beyond mortal power to bring a dead man back to life. the mortal limits of understanding as a being who must eventually die. 会死的 Man is mortal. All things that live are mortal. Deadly, fatal 致命的 He was struck down by a
31、 mortal blow upon his head. He received a mortal wound at issue:. In dispute; to be decided; in disagreement. The point at issue us whether you are willing to go abroad or not. What is at issue is the extent to which exam results reflect a students ability. His good name was at issue in the trial.,2
32、007/6,16,temper: vt. To strengthen through experience or hardship young soldiers tempered by rigorous exercise soldiers who had been tempered by combat. vt. 冶炼 Steel is tempered by heating it and working it till it has the proper degree of hardness and toughness. Its a new process of tempering still
33、. discipline: vt. Train, control, subject to discipline Students must learn to discipline themselves. He should discipline himself never to read for amusement. His dog was disciplined by a professional trainer. Many parents are unwilling to correct and discipline their own children.,2007/6,17,Commit
34、- to do sth illegal and bad,To commit a crime; to commit suicide Commit-to commit money or resources to sth, to use it for a particular purpose 投入, 交付, 记住 The company committed its profits to building new factories. He committed the papers to the care of the lawyer. I have already committed the rule
35、s to memory. Commit-to commit oneself to a course of action or way of life/ or to a person 同意承担, 答应做某事或支持某事, 作出诺言 I would advice people to think very carefully about committing themselves to working Sundays. You dont have to commit anything on the phone. The government remained committed to peace. A
36、 committed socialist He is a very much committed man./ family-committed Commitment-a strong belief in an idea or system: commitment to the ideal. A commitment is sth which takes up time because of promise or responsibility I have a lot of commitments. Work commitments forced her to be away from home
37、 most of the time. I hate him. He just does not want to make any commitments.,2007/6,18,pledge: to make a formal, usually public, promise that you will do something pledge support/loyalty/solidarity etc pledge that pledge to do sth pledge yourself to (do) sth He pledged his word that he would come b
38、ack at the end of the journey. They pledged their determination to carry on the struggle for Socialism. They have pledged that they will always remain faithful . He pledged never to come back until he had found her. I pledge myself to fulfill the promise I have made . By the treaty each country pled
39、ged itself to assist the other in case of war.,2007/6,19,Paraphrasing,We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom - symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning - signifying renewal, as well as change. It celebrates the freedom of people to elect freely their own head of stat
40、e. It symbolizes the end of one presidential term and the beginning of a new term. It means the continuation of the ancestors policy and the change of some policies. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago. Th
41、e first presidential oath was taken by George Washington on April 30, 1789. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. Man has made great progress in science and technology so he has the power to abolish poverty, but he also has the
42、 power to destroy human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe - the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God. Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that a
43、ll men were created equal and God had given them certain alienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world. Notes 1) come not from: Biblical style. The normal way is : the rights of man do not come fro
44、m 2) Well-balanced structure and repetitions are used.,2007/6,20,5. We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans - born in this century
45、, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world. that first revolutiona
46、ry war the war of independence let the word go forth a biblical style torch a figurative use, meaning inspirations and ideals hard and bitter peace peace but cold war the slow undoing of the gradual disappearing , abolishing of 6. This much we pledge - and more. (linking transition) a one sentence p
47、aragraph that functions as a transition from the general to the specific. Note: rhetoric devices: Biblical style, alliteration; parallel structure; repetition,2007/6,21,Part Two (para 610): addressing different groups of allied nations or would-be allies,Questions: 1) What are his policies for the o
48、ld allies? 2) What do the iron tyranny and tiger refer to? 3) Who do huts and villages refer to? 4) What is the policy for sister republicans? who are they?,2007/6,22,Words and expressions,At odds: in disagreement, quarrelling He was at odds with his colleagues. Helen and Ruth are always at odds abo
49、ut some little things. Theyre a strange family; as long as Ive known them they have all been at odds with one another. asunder: adv. into parts or pieces Tear something asunder As wide asunder as pole and pole 象两个柱子那样分隔得很远 The War forced the parents and children asunder.,2007/6,23,outpace: vt. surpass; exceed He tried to outpace his rival but failed guess the meaning of the following words: outfight / outgrow / outlive / outplay outshine / outsell / outvote / outride outdo / outweigh / outrun