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1、定语从句 the relative clause,定语,1. 放在名词前,2. 由单个的代词/数词/形容词/名词/-ing/ -ed 来充当,1. 放在名词或代词后,2. 由介词结构形容词-ing结构-ed结构to do结构句子来充当,前置定语,后置定语,定语,1. 用来修饰某个名词或代词的成分,2. 可以放在名词之前；也可以放在名词或代词之后,3. 在翻译时通常带有一个“的”,定语从句,定语从句,1. 当定语成分由一个句子来充当时，这个句子就叫定语从句，即用一个句子去修饰另一个句子中的某个名词或代词,2. 通常紧跟在所修饰的名词或代词后,This is a book which was wr
2、itten by J.K. Rowling,3. 定语从句的必备两要素,This is a book which was written by J.K. Rowling,先行词（名词或代词）,关系词词/引导词（that/which/who/whom/whose/ when/where/why）,先行词：定语从句修饰的名词或代词。 关系词：引导定语从句的词。,You are the right man whom we are looking for. Ive spent all the money which was given by my parents. I will never forge
3、t the day when I joined the party. This is the factory where the machines are made.,找出定语从句；找出定语从句两要素,现在你认识定语从句了吗？,从书本40页课文中找出所有的定语从句,1. Chen Zijiang is a paper-cutting expert whom I interviewed for my article on Chinese Art. 2.Paper-cutting is something that he learned to do from an early age. 3.Pap
4、er cuts of animals have been found in tombs which dale back to the time of the Northern and Southern Dynasty (386-589). 4.a young farmer who wanted a wife would look at a young womans paper-cutting skills before marrying her.,5.there are three types of paper cuts which people still make today. 6.A p
5、resent for parents whose child has recently been born might show a paper cut of children. 7.Paper cuts which show the Chinese character for double happiness are commonly used to celebrate weddings. 8. People to whom the dead person was related would make these offerings on special days and during fe
6、stivals. .,But one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep as usual that night.,It was felt in Beijing, which is more than two hundred kilometers away.,The number of people who were killed of injured reached more than 400 000.,another big quake which was almost as
7、 strong as the first one shook Tangshan.,The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.,Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.,定语从句中的关系词,关系词： 1.关系代词，在定语从句中作 主语，宾语，表语 。 2.关系副词，在宾语从句中作状语。,人,主宾,人,宾,人事物,主宾表,事物,主宾,人的事物的,时间状语,地点状语,原因状语,时间,地点,
8、原因,定(后通常加名词或代词),关系词选择方法： 还原法,把先行词还原到定语从句中去, 看看是放在主语，宾语，表语还是状语的位置上，最终来确定引导词,例一： The students _ dont study hard will not pass the exam.,_ dont study hard.,The students,主语，而且指人,who/that,例二： The woman _ you saw in the park is our Chinese teacher.,you saw _ in the park.,the woman,宾语，而且指人,(whom/who/that),
9、注意：如果先行词还原到定语从句中，充当的是宾语,那么可以把引导词省略,Practice,3. Do you know the boy _ leg was broken when he fell out of a tree? 4. This is the boy _ sister is a famous singer. 5. The letter _ I received yesterday is from my brother. 6. The film _ we saw last night was wonderful. 7. The man _ was here a minute ago i
10、s my uncle.,whose,whose,(which/that),(which/that),who / that,8. The train _ was going to Guangdong was late. 9. The book _ he is reading is very interesting. 10. Theyll never forget the days _ they spent in the countryside. 11. Theyll never forget the days _ they studied together.,which / that,(whic
11、h / that),(which / that),when,关系代词的特殊情况,I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.,Ive read all the books that are not mine.,This is the first book (that) he has read.,This is the very book that belongs to him.,(1) 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时。,(2)先行
12、词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much 等修饰时,(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。,(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。,（一）只能用that不能用which的情况,(5)先行词指人又指事物,They talked about the people and things (that) they met at college.,（二）只能用which不能用that的情况,(1) 非限定性定语从句，即有逗号隔开的定语从句,It was felt in Beijing, which was
13、200 km away.,(2) 以介词开头的定语从句,即介词前置的定语从句,This is the room _Chairman Mao once lived in. This is the room in _ Chairman Mao once lived.,(which /that),which,(3) 代表前面整句话,He passed the exam, which surprised everyone in our class.,（三）定语从句中只用who,不用that的情况 1.先行词是one, ones或anyone时;先行词为those 或被those修饰，指人时 1).On
14、e who does not work hard will never succeed. 2).Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 3).She is the only one of the students who has been to the USA. 4).Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed. 2.在以there be的句子中，先行词为人时 There is a man outside who wants to see
15、 you.,3.当定语从句中又有定语从句,且先行项都为人时 The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard. 4.当指人的先行项被一些指物的名词修饰时 There s only one student in the school who I want to see. Do you know the woman in blue with a baby on her back who is working in the fields? 5.在非限制性定语从句中指人 I met a friend of mine i
16、n the street, who had just come from America. 6.定语从句中有插入语时, 且先行项为人时 Jackson is a man who I believe is honest,(四）学习关系代词whose引导的定语从句,关系代词whose表示“的”，是关系代词who、which的所有格，因此既可指人，也可指物。在从句中，whose作定语修饰名词，被修饰词可以是从句的主语、宾语或介词宾语。 He is the boy whose pen I borrowed yesterday. They cleaned the house whose windows
17、face south. The gentleman, with whose daughter I worked, looked down upon women.,whose+名词引导定语从句等于the+名词+of which/whom或者of which/whom+the+名词引导定语从句 He is the boy whose pen I borrowed yesterday. 改成：He is the boy the pen of whom I borrowed yesterday. He is the boy of whom the pen I borrowed yesterday. T
18、hey cleaned the house whose windows face south. 改成： They cleaned the house the windows of which face south. They cleaned the house of which the windows face south.,when, where, why 引导的定语从句,初步感知,1. The mines where I worked were 9 km from my home.,2. The reason why I got a job was because of my hard w
19、ork.,3. The time when I joined the ANC was the 5th of August.,4. The government building where we voted was very tall.,5. The date when I arrived was late at night.,1. The mines _ I worked were 9 km from my home. 2. The reason _ I got a job was because of my hard work. 3. The time _ I joined the ANC
20、 was the 5th of August. 4. The government building _ we voted was very tall. 5. The date _I arrived was late at night,如何来确定引导词?,如何来确定引导词?,方法一：根据先行词,方法二：还原法 (把先行词还原到定语从句中去),例一： The mines _ I worked were 9 km from my home.,I worked _.,in the mines,地点状语,where / in which,例二： The reason _I got a job was
21、because of my hard work.,I got a job _.,for the reason,原因状语,why / for which,例三： The time I joined the ANC was the 5th of August.,I joined the ANC _.,at the time,时间状语,when / at which,例四： The government building we voted was very tall.,We voted _.,in the building,地点状语,where / in which,例五： The date I a
22、rrived was late at night.,I arrived _.,on the date,时间状语,when / on which,The time _ I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life. The school _ I studied for only two years was 3 km away. The day _ Nelson Mandela helped me was one of my happiest. The parts of town _ they had to li
23、ve were decided by white people. The places _ they were sent to live were the poorest parts of South Africa.,Practice,when / at which,where / in which,when / on which,where / in which,where / in which,1. After living in Paris for 50 years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A. whi
24、ch B. where C. that D. when 2. It was an exciting moment for these people this year, _ for the first time their team won the World Cup. A. that B. while C. which D. when,D,B,Ill never forget the day _ we worked together.,when / on which,Ill never forget the day_ we spent happily together.,which / th
25、at,比较,We worked together on the day.,We spent the day happily together.,I will always remember the hours _ we lived together. I will always remember the hours _ we spent together.,2. Can you still think of the village _he once worked? Can you still think of the village _ he once visited?,when / in w
26、hich,(which/that),where / in which,(which / that),总结,1. 引导词的确定必须用还原法 2. 先行词还原后如果在它前面要加上一个介词，那么说明它在定语从句中充当状语，通常用 “when/where/why” 来引导 3. “when/where/why” 通常可以替换成 “介词which”(仅限于定语从句中) 4. 如果先行词是表示 “时间/地点/原因”的词, 引导词并不一定是 “when/where/why”，也有可能是 “which/that”，如果定语从句的谓语动词,是及物动词，且没有带宾语，说明句子成分不完整，这时只能选用关系代词；如果
27、定语从句中的谓语动词是不及物动词，说明句子完整，这时选用关系副词,介词加关系代词(which/whom) 引导的定语从句,1. Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. 2. He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful. 3. The parts of town in which they had to live were decided by white people. 4. It was a prison from which no one escape
28、d. 5. He is a man of great experience, from whom much can be learned. 6. Chapin, for whom money was now no problem, start a new film company with his friends. 7. Antarctica, about which we know very little, is covered with thick ice all the year round.,介词前置的定语从句,1. 考点一： 引导词which, whom 2. 考点二：介词的确定,方
29、法：还原法先行词还原到定语从句中去, 看看它与定语从句之间需要哪个介词来连接,例一： Mandela was the black lawyer _whom I went for advice.,_ whom I went for advice.,I went _ Mandela for advice.,to,to,例二： It was a prison _ which no one escaped.,_ which no one escaped.,No one escaped _ the prison.,from,from,Can you work them out?,1. The sun g
30、ives us heat and light, _ which we cant live. 2. The student _ whom we were talking just now is the best student in our class. 3. Ill never forget the day _ which she said good-bye to me. 4. Who can give me the reason _ which he hasnt turned up yet?,for,about,on,without,Look out! Dont get too close
31、to the house _ roof is under repair. A. which B. whose C. that D. of which,the,综合练习,1. Im using the pen which he bought it yesterday. 2. Is that factory which your father once worked in? 3. The man whom I spoke is from Canada. 4. July 1,1999 is the day when well never forget.,_,(去掉),which,_,to,the o
32、ne,5. I still remember the holidays I stayed with them. 6. Im going to work in the hospital where needs me. 7. Those that havent been to the West Lake will gather at the school gate. 8. I dont like the way which you talked to your friend.,in,when,_,who,_,(that/which),9.This is the last time when Ive
33、 given you lessons. 10. Soon they came to a farm house,and in front of which sat a small boy. 11. We heard the news which our team won the game. 12. The reason which he explained it sounds reasonable.,_,that,_,that,_,why,it,_,13. Those at the desk want to buy tickets write down your names. 14. That
34、was the reason because she looked old. 15. Taiwan, that we know, belongs to China.,as,who,_,_,why,16. The third place which we are going to visit is Hangzhou. 17. Which is known to all, many satellite are going around in the sky. 18. The students and things which you spoke of are known to us.,that,_
35、,_,As,that,_,定语从句补充内容,They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.,whose 可以转换为 “ of +which”, 即whose + n. = the +n. +of+ which =of+ which + the +n.,一. whose引导的定语从句,They lived in a house, of which the door opens to the south.,They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.,二. 先行词是w
36、ay, 引导词通常是 in which/that/省略,_ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth . _ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth .,As,It,三. as 引导定语从句，通常以下面句式出现 As is known to all, As we all know, ,1. I have borrowed many books, many of _ are about music. 2. I have borrowed many books, and many of _ are about music.,1. There are 50 students in their class, most of _ are from Tonglu. 2. There are 50 students in their class, and most of _ are from Tonglu.,which,them,whom,them,四. 有and, but, so等连词连接的复合句 不是定语从句，不需要用引导词去引导,