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1、英文段落寫作 進修學院二技應外四甲 授課老師：胡若菊 Unit 1 The paragraph -A paragraph is a group of sentences about a topic. Students will learn how to organize and write the following kinds of paragraphs. -Descriptive paragraph In a descriptive paragraph the writer describes a person, a place, or a thing. -Example paragrap
2、h In an example paragraph the writer explains a topic by giving examples. Unit 1 (cont) - Process paragraph In a process paragraph the writer explains how to do something step by step. - Opinion paragraph In an opinion paragraph the writer expresses his or her feelings, ideas, and opinions about a t
3、opic. - Narrative paragraph In a narrative paragraph the writer tells a story. Unit 2 Formatting a paragraph: -Margins A paragraph must have a margin on the right and an margin on the left. This means that the paragraph begins 1 inch or 1 inches from the edge of the paper. -Spacing A paragraph shoul
4、d be double-spaced. Unit 2 (cont) -Indenting The first sentence of a paragraph must be indented. This means that it begins five spaces in from the left margin. Indenting shows the reader that a new paragraph is beginning. On a computer, you can indent with the Tab key. -Connected Sentences The sente
5、nces in a paragraph should follow each other. It is not a paragraph if every sentence begins on a new line. A well-supported paragraph has at least 5 sentences and often more. Unit 2 (cont) - Title A paragraph by itself usually has a title. This is one word or a group of words that tells what the to
6、pic is. Unit 3 Identifying the elements of a paragraph. Paragraph organization: -The topic sentence The topic sentence introduces the topic and tells what the writer will say about the topic. -The supporting sentences The sentences that follow further explain and support the topic sentence. -The con
7、cluding sentence The concluding sentence often repeats the information in the topic sentence in a different way. Unit 4 The topic sentence is usually the first or second sentence in a paragraph. It introduces a new idea. It presents the topic and explains what the writer will say about the topic. Th
8、is explanation is called the controlling idea. Examples: My friend (topic ) is an honest person (controlling idea). My friend (topic) is the funniest person I know (controlling idea). Unit 4 (cont) A topic sentence must not be a simple fact or a specific detail. The controlling idea must say somethi
9、ng about the topic that can then be supported, developed, or demonstrated in the supporting sentences. The controlling idea must also not be too general, or the topic sentence will be unclear. Unit 4 (cont) Identifying topics and controlling ideas 1. Hiking is the best way to explore nature closely.
10、 2. My uncle had a frightening experience as a young man. 3. Text messaging has become popular among teenagers. 4. Effective time management requires four easy steps. 5. Every college student should take a computer course. Unit 4 (cont) Writing topic sentences Use each word or phrase below to write
11、a topic sentence with a controlling idea. 1. Pets. 2. A first date 3. A terrible teacher 4. Tennis Unit 5 Supporting sentences add information about the topic and the controlling idea. Supporting sentences can include definitions, explanations, and examples. Ex: Young people (topic) are too dependen
12、t on computers(controlling idea). Supporting definition Dependence on computers means that young people cannot perform the normal tasks and functions of daily life without them. Unit 5 (cont) Supporting explanation In the old days, people memorized important information, but todays youth rely on the
13、ir computers, cell phones, and PDAs to do assignments, record numbers, and save important information. As a result, they can find themselves unprepared in an emergency such as electrical blackout. Once their batteries die, these people will not be able communicate. Unit 5 (cont) Supporting example F
14、or example, I do all my schoolwork on my computer. When my computer crashed last week, I lost my only draft of an essay that was due the next day. As a result, I got a bad grade. Unit 5 (cont) Identifying topic sentences and supporting sentences. For each set of sentences, write TS next to the topic
15、 sentence. Write SS next to the supporting sentence. 1. _ a. Mosquitoes are attracted to heat. _ b. Mosquitoes will fly several miles to find food. _ c. Only the female mosquito bites. _ d. Mosquitoes are interesting insects. 2. _ a. One of my hobbies is listening to international music. _ b. I have
16、 a large collection of world music recordings. _ c. My friends and I like to introduce each other to new international artists we discover. _ d. I enjoy going to concerts by musicians from different countries. Unit 6 The concluding sentence of a paragraph usually reminds the reader of the topic and
17、controlling idea of the paragraph. The concluding sentence restates the main idea. Ex: I love the color red. (Topic sentence) I like to live life in a strong way, so I think I will always admire the color red. (Concluding sentence) In addition to restating the main idea, the concluding sentence may:
18、 -warn the reader; -make a prediction; -give an opinion about the topic. Unit 6 (cont) In addition to restating the main idea, the concluding sentence may: -warn the reader; Ex: If you do not follow these steps, you may not get the grade that you want. -make a prediction; Ex: The automotive industry
19、 will change, and soon everyone will be driving pollution-free cars. -give an opinion about the topic. Ex: Some people might disagree, but I think lamb is the best meat for grilling. Exercises 1(Unit 1-Unit 6) Read the topic sentences below. Writes SS next to the three supporting sentences and write
20、 CS next to the concluding sentence. 1.The best way to see San Francisco is by walking. _ a. When you explore San Francisco by foot, you can experience all the city has to offer. _ b. When you walk, you experience the different smells of the restaurants, the plants and sometimes the ocean. _ c. You
21、can stop and look in the windows of shops or sit on a bench for a short while and look at interesting people. _ d. In a car or a bus, you cannot stop easily if you see something interesting because parking is difficult. Exercise 1 (cont) 2. An egg taco takes only five minutes to make. _ a. Your deli
22、cious egg taco is ready to eat in just a few minutes. _ b. Heat a flour tortilla in a small amount of water. _ c. Scramble two eggs with a little salt and pepper. _ d. When the eggs are done, slide them into the warm tortilla and fold it over. 3. I enjoy the riverwalk in San Antonio. _ a. The rivers
23、walk is lower than the streets of the city. _ b. You can walk down stairs to a canal with a stone path and plants on each side. _ c. There are many shops, restaurants and hotels along the path. _ d. The riverwalk is a pleasant place to spend an afternoon or evening in San Antonio. Exercise 1 (cont)
24、Examining concluding sentences Circle the word that best describes each of the concluding sentences below. 1. If you follow these steps, you will never lose your keys again. a.Prediction b. opinion c. warning 2. Students who are not careful with credit cards can go into debt quickly. a.Prediction b.
25、 opinion c. warning 3. Venice, Italy, is the most beautiful city in the world. a. Prediction b. opinion c. warning Unit 7 A paragraph must have unity. A paragraph has unity when all the sentences support a single idea. The paragraph must have one controlling idea in the topic sentence. Otherwise the
26、 paragraph loses focus. The supporting sentences must support or explain the controlling idea with examples, details, steps, or definitions. Otherwise, the paragraph will not be about one single idea. The concluding sentence should restate the idea in the topic sentence. Otherwise the main idea migh
27、t not be clear. Unit 7 (cont) Topic sentence: My friend Macarena is generous. Supporting sentences: She often lets travelers stay in her home. She has hosted man students temporarily. She sends money to her family in Chile every month to help them with their bills. She always brings flowers or food
28、to her friends when they are sick or have a need. Concluding sentence: Macarena is one of the most generous people I know. Note that all the sentences are about Macarenas generosity. A sentence about the way she looks or about her job will not support the unity of the paragraph unless it somehow rel
29、ates to Macarenas generosity. Exercise 2 (Unit 7) Read the following topic sentences. Put a check next to each sentence below that supports the topic sentence. 1. I am a organized person. _ a. My desk is always neat and tidy. _ b. I have a system for organizing my papers, and I can always find what
30、I need. _ c. I feel uncomfortable when I am in a strange environment. _ d. My friends always want me to jelp them put their closets in order. Exercise 3 (cont) 2. Twenty questions is an easy game to play when you are traveling. _ a. The person who is “it” must think of a person, place, or object. _
31、b. Sometimes people travel by car, and sometimes by train or airplane. _ c. It is very important to travel with people that you get along with. _ d. The other players take turns asking questions that can only be answered with yes” or “no”. Unit 8 A paragraph must also have coherence. This means that
32、 the supporting details are organized so that information that goes together appears together. Writers often use time, space, or order of importance to present the supporting information in a paragraph coherently. Unit 8 (cont) The following example is organized by space. When you drive into the air
33、port, you will see many signs for the different terminals. After you pass the signs, you will drive over a hill. The airport is on the other side of the hill. On your right, you will see the international terminal. This terminal is two stories tall. The front is all glass. On the left, you will see
34、the domestic terminals. Unit 9 A sentence is a statement that expresses a complete idea. Sentences form the building blocks of written communication. They include affirmative statements, negative statements, and questions. A complete sentence must have a subject and a verb. Exercises of identifying
35、subjects and verbs. Exercise 4 (Unit 8-Unit 9) Writing simple sentences Answer each question below in a complete sentence. 1. What sports do you enjoy?_ 2. Where do you live? _ 3. What do you like to do on the weekends? _ 4. Where do you study? _ 5. What kind of food do you like? _ 6. Who do you enj
36、oy spending time with? _ Unit 10 Punctuation and capitalization -The first word in a sentence is always capitalized. -A complete sentence can end in a period. -A question ends with a question mark. -Occasionally, writers use an exclamation mark to give emphasis to a sentence. Every sentence must hav
37、e a subject and a verb and express a complete idea. A sentence that is missing a subject or a verb is incomplete. It is called a fragment. Exercise 5 (Unit 10) Identifying and correcting fragments Decide whether each fragment below is missing a subject or a verb. Then rewrite it so that it is correc
38、t. 1. Some food very spicy. _ 2. Corn my favorite vegetable. _ 3. Is very bright in the afternoon. _ Unit 11 Two sentences that run together without correct punctuation between them are called run-on sentences. One way to correct a run-on sentence is to put a period between the sentences. Another wa
39、y is to add a comma and a connecting word. Exercise of correcting fragments and run-on errors. Exercise 6 (Unit 11) Identifying and correcting run-on sentences Correct the following run-on sentences by rewriting them on the blanks below. 1. I am a full-time student, I live in a great apartment near
40、campus. _ 2. There are mice living underneath my house they make a lot of noise at night. _ Exercise 6 (cont) 3. I used to eat rice and vegetables for breakfast now I eat cereal and milk. _ 4. I do not drive, I ride the bus. _ 5. I am saving money for a bicycle I also want to buy a camera. _ Unit 12
41、 Exercise 1 identifying the elements of a paragraph. Exercise 2 identifying topic sentences and supporting sentences. Exercise 3 evaluating concluding sentences. Exercise 4 editing a paragraph. Cross out the two sentences that do not support the topic sentence. Exercise 5 identifying subjects and ve
42、rbs. Exercise 6 practicing with end punctuation. Exercise 7 identifying and correcting fragments. Exercise 8identifying and correcting run-on sentences. Unit 13 Descriptive Paragraphs -In a descriptive paragraph, the writer uses words that create an image and help the reader see, touch, feel, smell,
43、 or taste the topic that he or she is describing. -A descriptive paragraph describes a person, place, or thing so that the reader can picture it in his or her mind. -The topic sentence in a descriptive paragraph introduces the item that the writer will describe. It may also include the writers gener
44、al feeling or opinion about the item. -The supporting sentences give some background information about the item. They also give descriptive details about the item. The supporting sentences may also describe in more detail how the writer feels about the item. -The concluding sentence restates the ide
45、a in the topic sentence using different words. Unit 13(cont) The following article is a sample descriptive paragraph. My Special Treasure My special treasure is a picture of my mother on her fifteenth birthday. This picture was always in my house when I was growing up. Years later, when I got marrie
46、d and moved to Montreal, my mother gave it to me so that I would always remember her. Now it sits on the table next to my bed. I look at it and imagine my mothers life on that day. I think she was excited because her eyes are shining with happiness. Her smile is shy as if she were thinking about a s
47、ecret. She is standing next to a rose bush, and the roses are taller than she is. (to be continued) Unit 13 (cont) She is wearing a beautiful white lace dress and black shoes. Her hair is long and curly. She looks lovely in this peaceful place and I feel calm when I gaze into her eyes at the end of my busy day. This picture of my mother is my most valuable possession. Unit 14 Using Specific Language -Using specific language in descriptive writing helps give the reader a clear mental image