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1、第十四章 语态转换译法 Translation of Passive Voice,14.1 顺译法 14.1.1 顺译成被动句 14.1.2 顺译成主动句 14.2 倒译法 14.2.1 把by后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语 14.2.2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语 14.2.3 倒译成汉语的无主句 14.3 分译法 14.4 惯译法,语态转换译法指主动语态和被动语态的互译，即把英语的被动语态的句子转译成汉语的主动语态的句子， 或把英语的主动语态的句子转译成汉语的被动语态的句子。,14. 1 顺译法 (Translation in Original Order) 既保留原文的主语，又要使译文
2、主要成分的顺序和原文大体一致的翻译方法就叫顺译法。,14. 1. 1 顺译成被动句 译成 “被” 字句 例1：Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated. 【译文】 维生素C受热过度就会被破坏。,B. 译成 “挨” 字句 “挨”仅用于翻译该动作是对动作接受者（受事者）不利或不好的句子。 例1：The boy was criticized yesterday. 【译文】这孩子昨天挨了一顿批评。 例2：I was caught in the downpour. 【译文】我在大雨中挨浇了。,例1：Our clothes were soaked with
3、sweat. 【译文】我们的衣服给汗水湿透了。,C. 译成 “给” 字句 “给”也是用于翻译该动作对动作接受者（受事者）不愉快或不愿接受的句子。,例2：The crops were washed away by the flood. 【译文】庄稼给大水冲跑了。 例3：Your car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company. 【译文】路易斯公司的一辆拖车把你的汽车给拖走了。,D. 译成 “叫、让、由、受、遭到、受到、予、予以、加、加以、引以、为所、经所” 等字句，用以加强说话、表达语气。 例1：You have been wett
4、ed in the rain. 【译文】你叫雨淋湿了。 例2：The -rays are not affected by an electric field. 【译文】射线不受电场影响。,例3：A lot of houses and buildings, roads and bridges were damaged in the seaquake. 【译文】许多房屋建筑、道路桥梁在这次海啸中遭到破坏。,例4：It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means. 【译文】这件事必须在适当的时候用适当的手段予以处
5、理。,课堂互动1： 翻译下列句子, 顺译成被动句（参考译文）,1Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded. 【译文】立功的人将受到奖励。 2A program called a compiler（汇编者） was written by an expert in machine code and is stored in the computer. 【译文】汇编程序先由专家用机器代码编码写好， 然后储存在计算机中。,3Translation techniques should be paid enough attention to. 【译
6、文】翻译技巧应予以足够的重视。,4The applicants interviewed are required to hand in some necessary material. 【译文】被谈过话的申请人，要求交上必要的材料。,5Television keeps us informed about current events at home and abroad. 【译文】电视使我们了解国内外大事。,6His plain prose is enlivened （使活跃）by boundless curiosity, a very sense of humour and a falcon
7、-sharp eye for detail. 【译文】他那永无止境的好奇心，十足的幽默感以及捕捉细节所特有的隼一般锐利的目光使他那平淡的日记平添了几分生气。,7The temperature of the earth is determined by the amount of solar heat which the atmosphere can keep. 【译文】地球的温度取决于大气能保持多少热辐射。,8He was beaten black and blue. 【译文】他被打得青一块紫一块。 9His father was killed before liberation. 【译文】他
8、爹在解放前给杀害了。,小节结束,10With a true democratic system, he said, Egypt would not have been defeated by Israel in 1967. 【译文】他说倘有一个真正的民主制度，埃及就不会在1967年让（被）以色列打败了。,小节结束,14. 1. 2 顺译成主动句 顺译成形式是主动，意义上是被动的句子 例1：Love can not be forced. 【译文】爱情不能强求。 例2：Love and cough cannot be hidden. 【译文】爱情和咳嗽都无法隐藏。,B. 改变原文的谓语动词，顺译成
9、主动句 例1：The teacher was satisfied with the answer. 【译文】老师对回答感到满意。,例2：I am told you are careless. 【译文】听说你很粗心大意。 例3：The long river is originated from that high mountain. 【译文】这条大河发源于那座山。,C. 顺译成 “是的” 结构 英语句子要着重表示的不是受事者受到了某个行动这样一个事实本身，而是与这个行动有关的一些具体情况，如时间、地点、方式、方法等。也就是说，句子里强调的是行动的静态而不是动态的含义。这样就可以顺译成汉语的“是的
10、”的句式。其框架为“受事者是动词的”。,例1：That ridiculous idea was put forward by his brother. 【译文】这个怪念头是他哥哥想出来的。 例2：The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872. 【译文】美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。,例3：Poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre. 【译文】诗歌吟唱时是由七弦琴伴奏的。 例4：The left ear is co
11、ntrolled by the right side of the brain. 【译文】左耳是由大脑的右侧控制的。,课堂互动2： 翻译下列句子, 顺译成主动句（参考译文）,1This is a question to be answered at once. 【译文】这是一个要立即回答的问题。 2We are deeply touched by the heros loyalty to the cause. 【译文】我们深为英雄忠于事业的精神所感动。,3The novels of Dickens have already been translated into many languages
12、. 【译文】狄更斯的小说已经译成了好几种语言。 4The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of agricultural science. 【译文】这一发现在农业科学界得到很高的评价。,5Wells and spring are supplied with underground water. 【译文】井水和泉水都是地下水。 6I was received by a tall, lithe（轻巧自如的）, vibrant（有活力的） woman in her 70s, white-haired, and still beautiful
13、. 【译文】接见我的是一位高挑轻盈、满头银发的女人。虽然年逾古稀，却依然神采奕奕、风韵犹存。,7I hope that the resolution of the General Assembly will at last be respected by Member States and by Israel in particular. 【译文】我希望大会的各项决议终将得到各会员国，尤其是以色列的尊重。,8It happened in one of those picturesque Danish taverns that cater to tourists and where Englis
14、h is spoken. (R. Zacks: The Date Father Didnt Keep) 【译文】故事发生在丹麦的一家雅致的小旅馆里；这种小旅馆备有酒菜招待游客，而且讲英语。,9Scarcely had Hitler recovered from the shock of the July 20 bombing when he was faced with the loss of France and Belgium and of the great conquests in the East. (William L. Shirer: The Rise and Fall of t
15、he Third Reich) 【译文】希特勒在7月20日的炸弹案件后惊魂未定，又面临着丢失法国和比利时的局面和东战场的巨大压力。,10Most of these writers were convinced that injustices existed in our economic system, and against these injustices they protested, but they had no wish to change the system itself; or if they did, though idealistic, Utopian schemes.
16、【译文】大多数作家都认为我们的经济制度中存在着不公平的现象，并对此提出过抗议，但是他们并不想从本身上改变这种制度；即使想，也只是些乌托邦式的空想而已。,小节结束,14. 2 倒译法 (Translation in Reverse Order) 倒译法就是将英语被动句的主语汉译成宾语的翻译方法。,14. 2. 1 把 by 后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语 例1：Yet, only a part of this energy is used by man. 【译文】然而，人类只利用了这种能量的一部分。 例2：Rivers are controlled by dams. 【译文】拦河大坝把河流控制住了。
17、例3：We are brought freedom and happiness by socialism. 【译文】社会主义给我们带来了自由和幸福。,例1：Heat is removed from the body during sweating. 【译文】出汗时人体散发热量。 例2：Abundant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book. 【译文】这本参考书提供了大量的练习和问题。,14. 2. 2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语,14. 2. 3 倒译成汉语的无主句 例1：Quality of produc
18、ts must be guaranteed first. 【译文】首先要确保产品的质量。 例2：The goods are urgently needed. 【译文】急需此货。,例3：Smoking is not allowed here. 【译文】此处禁止吸烟。 例4：Children should be taught to speak the truth. 【译文】应该教育儿童讲真话。,例5：You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered. 【译文】书到后应立即付款。,课堂互动3：运用倒译法翻译下列句子 （参考译文）,
19、1Tremendous research work is required to bring about such fantastic speeds. 【译文】要达到如此神奇的速度，需要进行大规模的研究工作。,2Helsinki became a flourishing port, and a university was founded at Turku. 【译文】赫尔辛基变成了一个繁荣的港口，在图尔库还建成了一所大学。,3The matter was never mentioned again ever since. 【译文】从那以后再也没有提起过那件事。,4I am saying tha
20、t if they are read in a historical order, the effort is rewarded. 【译文】我是说，如果按历史顺序阅读，则不会徒劳无益。,5Great strides have been taken in search of a cure, and preventative efforts have also been made. 【译文】治疗方面已大有进步，预防方面也作了很大的努力。,6The students should be enabled to develop morally, intellectually and physically
21、 in an all-round way. 【译文】必须使学生在德育、智育、体育方面得到全面发展。,7His long, weekly editorial “Frankly Speaking” though sometimes turgid and repetitious is read by millions. 【译文】他每周的长篇专栏“坦率的话”有时未免有华而不实、老生常谈的毛病，却仍有千百万人读它。,8In September and October 1944 a half-million men were found for the army. But no provision was
22、 made to replace them in the factories and offices by women. (William L. Shirer: The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich)（译成无主句） 【译文】1944年9、10两个月，有50万人参了军，但是没有规定要妇女进机关和工厂去接替这些入伍的人。,小节结束,14. 3 分译法 (Splitting Translation) 把原文的主语部分或被动式谓语动词从原文中分出来，单独译成一个带主语或不带主语的分句，放在句首，剩余部分再译成一句或几句，跟在其后。,14. 3. 1 “It + be
23、 + V.-ed + that-cl. ”结构 原句的主语是先行代词It，翻译时添加“有人，人们，大家，我们”等作主语，常用于下列结构中：,It is asked that 有人会问 It is asserted that 有人主张 It is felt that 有人感到；人们认为； It is preferred that 有人建议 It is recommended that 有人建议；有人推荐 It is suggested that 有人建议 It is stressed that 有人强调说,It will be said that 有人会说 It is believed that
24、 有人相信 It is estimated that 有人估计 It is announced that 有人通知; 有人宣称 It is pointed out that 有人指出 It is claimed that 有人宣称 It is declared that 有人提出 It is described that 有人介绍说 It has been objected that 有人反驳说 It is thought that 人们认为；有人认为 It is taken that 人们认为 It is reputed that 人们认为,It is regarded that 人们认为
25、It is noticed that 人们注意到；有人指出 It is noted that 人们注意到；有人指出 It is sometimes asked that 人们有时会问 It was told that 人们曾说 It is supposed that 人们猜测 It is expected that 人们希望 It is hoped that 人们希望 It is still to be hoped that 我们仍应希望 It is generally considered that 大家认为 It is well known that 众所周知,例1：It is point
26、ed that there may be as many as 100 000 different sorts of proteins in a mans body. 【译文】有人指出人体内不同种类的蛋白质可多达10万种。,例2：It is well known that laughter has a tonic effect on the mind and body, suffusing the body with a feeling of well-being. 【译文】人们知道，笑具有健身作用，身心皆宜，它可以使人体充满一种愉快的感觉。,S + be known to-V 大家知道， /
27、人们(都)知道， S + be held to-V 人们认为， S + be considered to-V 我们认为， S + be found to V 人们发现， S + be thought to-V 有人认为，,14. 3. 2 “S + be + v.-ed + to-v.”结构 原句的主语是名词或人称代词，翻译时添加“有人，人们，大家，我们”等，译成分句，其余部分分层译出。此结构如下：,例1：All bodies on the earth are known to possess weight. 【译文】人们（都）知道，地球上的一切物质均具有重量。 例2：Little Deric
28、k was found at his book in the reading room. 【译文】有人看见小德里克在阅览室看书。,例3：The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time. 【译文】人们很早就知道油井的存在。 例4：She was much run after in her youth. 【译文】她年轻时，有许多人追求她。,S + be said to-V 据说 S + be reported to-V 据报道 S + be stated to-V 据称 S + be known to-V 据了解,14. 3. 3
29、 译成 “据” 字句 原句的主语是名词或人称代词，翻译时常把被动的部分译成“据”，然后再按主谓顺序译出其余部分。常见于下列句型结构。,例1：She is said to have studied English for three years. 【译文】据说她已经学了三年英语。 例2：The area is known to be rich in natural resources. 【译文】据了解，这个地区有丰富的自然资源。,S + be now thought to-V 现在认为， S + have been found to-V 已经发现， S + should be pointed o
30、ut that 应当指出 S + may be safely said that 可以有把握地说,14. 3. 4 译成汉语的无主句 原句的主语是名词或人称代词，翻译时常把被动的部分提出来根据时态、语气、语义灵活翻译成汉语的无主句。,例1：It is now thought to have infoldings and outpouchings. 【译文】现在认为，它有内褶和外鼓。 例2：The so-called precious pearls have been found to be common stones. 【译文】已经发现，那些所谓的宝珠竟然是些普通的石头。,例3：You are
31、 cordially invited to a party to be given at the Teachers Club at 3 p.m. Nov. 23. 【译文】谨订于11月23日下午3时在教师俱乐部举行晚会，敬请光临。,课堂互动4：运用分译法翻译下列句子 （参考译文）,1Guilin is known to be one of the most beautiful places in China. 【译文】人们(都)知道，桂林是中国最美的地方之一。 2Hydrogen is known to be lightest element. 【译文】人们(都)知道，氢是最轻的元素。,3It
32、 is generally considered not advisable to act that way. 【译文】大家认为这样做是不妥当的。 4The lecture is considered very important for beginner. 【译文】大家认为这个讲座对初学者来说很重要。,5Our teacher was seen (to be) working in the office. 【译文】有人看见老师在办公室备课。 6Yet, what we say here will not be long remembered. What we do here can chan
33、ge the world. 【译文】不过，我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久地记住。我们在这里所做的事却能改变世界。,7It has been realized that wildlife is extremely important to us. 【译文】人们已经认识到野生动植物对人类是极为重要的。,8It is believed that todays pop music can serve as a creature force by stimulating the thinking of its listeners. 【译文】人们认为，今天的通俗音乐通过刺激听众的思维便能作为一种创造性的
34、力量。,9Not very many years ago, it was supposed that life was altogether absent in the deeper parts of the sea. 【译文】没有多少年以前，人们还认为，海洋深处完全没有生命。,小节结束,10It is universally acknowledged that airline food is awful. 【译文】人们普遍认为，飞机上的食物非常糟糕。,小节结束,14. 4 惯译法（Habitual Translation） 惯译法就是习惯译法。一般是把 “It+ be + v.-ed + t
35、hat-cl.” 结构的句子，按照汉语习惯译为 “据” 字句或者汉语的无主句，或可以与分译法互换，只是汉语的语言习惯而已。,14. 4. 1 “It+ be + v.-ed+ that-cl.”结构，译成“据”字句，常见于下列句型结构： It is said that 据说 It is reported that 据报道；据通报 It is supposed that 据推测 It is learned that 据闻；据说 It is considered that 据估计 It is announced that 据称 It is stated that 据说 It has been il
36、lustrated that 据说明；据图示 It was described that 据介绍 It is predicted that 据估计 It is demonstrated that 据证实 It is estimated that 据估计 It is claimed that 据称,14. 4. 2 译成汉语的无主句 这种译法只适用“It is + v.-ed + that-cl.”固定句型，其“that”之后的从句跟具体引述的内容。 It is hoped that 希望 It is understood that 不用说；很清楚 It is supposed that 假定
37、It is predicated that 预计 It is expected that 预期 It is suggested that 有建议；建议 It is demonstrated that 已经证明 It is recommended that 最好；建议 It is preferred that 最好 It is decided that 已经决定,It was so decided that 就此决定 It is arranged that 已经商定；已做准备 It is assumed that 假定；假设 It is hypothesized that 假设；假说 It is
38、 accepted that 普遍认为 It is agreed that 通常认为 It is proposed that 一般认为 It is learned that 已经查明 It is enumerated that 列举出 It is weighed that 全衡了；考虑了 It is outlined that 概括地说 It is established that 可以肯定 It is requested that 请 It may be safely said that 可以有把握地说 It can be clearly seen that 可以清楚地看到 It was m
39、ade beyond any doubt that 毫无疑问,英汉两种语言都有被动语态，有时可将英语被动句翻译成汉语的被动句，但多数情况下，并不保留被动结构，而译成主动结构。,小节结束,73,汉译英时的语态转换例子,这儿讲的是英语。 English is spoken here. 2.希望你有机会来中国访问。 It is hoped that you will have a chance to visit China.,74,3.风姐还欲问时，只听二门传出云板，连叩四下，将凤姐惊醒。（曹雪芹红楼梦） Before Xifeng could ask more she was woken with a start by four blows on the chimbar at the second gate.,