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1、托福阅读插空题的解题技巧,主讲人：吴霜,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,两种技巧,1. 指代,2. 逻辑关系,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指示代词,定义： 插入句开头用一个指示代词代替出前文已经出现过的一些信息，从而达到简化语言的目的。 做法： 利用指代词后面的内容在找前文找指代词所指代的具体内容。,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指示代词：this,Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walkin
2、g mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in
3、northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was
4、 actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea. This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指示代词：this,Paragraph 7: The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural veget
5、ation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions
6、 makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指示代词：this,Paragraph 3: Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and by charging 2
7、5 to 50 cents admission. About a year after the opening of the first Kinetoscope parlor in 1894, showmen such as Louis and Auguste Lumiere, Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins, and Orville and Woodville Latham (with the assistance of Edisons former assistant, William Dickson) perfected projecti
8、on devices. These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience. When this widespread use of projection technology began to hurt his Kinetoscope busine
9、ss, Edison acquired a projector developed by Armat and introduced it as “Edisons latest marvel, the Vitascope.“,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指示代词：these,Paragraph 5: Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in
10、more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of Englands earth into relative temporal sequence. About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris.
11、 Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the C
12、ambrian or300 million years laterin the Jurassic strata, but a trilobitethe ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrianwill never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian. The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in
13、 different parts of the world,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指示代词：these,Paragraph 6: The diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people who may have carried these innovations. These people probably originated in eastern Nigeria. Their migration may have been set in mot
14、ion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. They spoke a language, proto-Bantu (“Bantu” means “the people”), which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Afr
15、ica. Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone implements. Still, the process is uncertain, and peaceful migrationor simply
16、 rapid demographic growthmay have also caused the Bantu explosion. These people had a significant linguistic impact on the continent as well.,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指示代词：these,Paragraph 2: Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial reg
17、ions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands
18、” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormousperhaps as much as a hundred times greater
19、 than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed. These landscape features differ from runoff channels in a number of ways.,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指示代词：tho
20、se,TPO30-R1 There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delinea
21、te playfulness. Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate “ what follows is just for play.” With messages such as those, even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指代：it,
22、Paragraph 3: One interpretation regarding the absence of fossils during this important 100-million-year period is that early animals were soft bodied and simply did not fossilize. Fossilization of soft-bodied animals is less likely than fossilization of hard-bodied animals, but it does occur. Condit
23、ions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment that discourages decomposition. In fact, fossil beds containing soft-bodied animals have been known for many years. It is relatively rare because the fossilization of soft-bodie
24、d animals requires a special environment.,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指代：they,Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who
25、 feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was ori
26、ginal; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his epistle, “what work of ancien
27、t date would now exist?” They esteem symbols of Roman power, such as the massive Colosseum.,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指代：they,TPO 10.3 Paragraph 6: The development of banking and other financial services contributed to the expansion of trade. By the middle of the sixteenth century, financiers and traders
28、commonly accepted bills of exchange in place of gold or silver for other goods. Bills of exchange, which had their origins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises to pay a specified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to third parties. In this way, they provided
29、credit. At mid-century, an Antwerp financier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, “0ne can no more trade without bills of exchange than sail without water.“ Merchants no longer had to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys. An Amsterdam merchant purchasing soap from a merchant in
30、Marseille could go to an exchanger and pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. The exchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille, authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchants own currency after the actual exchange o
31、f goods had taken place. They could also avoid having to identify and assess the value of a wide variety of coins issued in many different places.,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指代：other,What do you remember about your life before you were three? Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their
32、early years. Adults memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. Most people remember only a few eventsusually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a siblings birth. Other important occasions are school graduations and weddings.,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指代：ot
33、her,Paragraph 2: Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come
34、 from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that on
35、ly Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward wi
36、th the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later theories concentrate on journeys in the other direction.,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指代：certain,Paragraph 5: Scientists have known for some t
37、ime that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyperacc
38、umulators run the entire range of the plant world. They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentratio
39、ns of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens. Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,指代：there,Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deers diet. Where the fore
40、st inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for
41、 not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other
42、arboreal fodder. Paragraph 3: The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. There food is
43、 available and accessible throughout the winter.,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,逻辑关系词,因果 转折 让步 递进 并列 条件 总分（举例&总结）,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,1. 因果： 因：because, because of, for , since, as, in that, now that， result from，as a result of 例句：now that 既然 Now that the problem has been identified, appropriate action can be t
44、aken. 现在既已找出问题的症结，即可采取适当行动 Now that youve seen the house, Ill show you the grounds. 屋子你已看过了，我领你参观一下庭园。 The days are closing in now that it is September. 已是九月了，白天正变得越来越短。 例句：as a result of 由于.的结果，起因 She died as a result of her injuries. 她由于受伤而死亡。 He was made king as a result of various intrigues. 由于搞
45、了各种各样的阴谋，他当上了国王。 Her heart was slightly damaged as a result of her long illness. 久病使她的心脏受到一些损伤。,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,1. 因果： 果：lead to ,contribute to, so that, so, thus, therefore, consequently, result in，hence 例句：contribute to有助于，促成 Smoking is a major factor contribute to cancer. 吸烟是致癌的一个重要因素。,400-01
46、23-267 资料下载频道,因果,Paragraph 6: Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. In fact, tunas must swim to breathe.
47、They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant. Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,因果,Another task for the Glomar Challengers scientists wa
48、s to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. Were they salt domes such as are common along the Unite
49、d States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin.,400-0123-267 资料下载频道,因果,Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.