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1、 为了帮助大家高效备考托福， 为大家带来托福 TPO32 阅读 Passage1 原文文本+题目+答案 解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。 Plant Colonization 植物殖民化 Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site.Colonization is a process with two components:invasion and survival.The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both th
2、e rate at which individual organisms(seeds,spores,immature or mature individuals)arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving.Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonizationa safe site where disturbance by fire or by cu
3、tting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established.For a given rate of invasion,colonization of a moist,fertile site is likely to be much more rapid than that of a d
4、ry,infertile site because of poor survival on the latter.A fertile,plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds,whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse,infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetatio
5、n for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field. 殖民化是植物能够改变一个地方生态的一种方法。这是一个由两部分组成的过程：入侵 和生存。一个地方被植物殖民的比率是取决于两个东西的速率 ： 生物体(种子，孢子，成熟或 不成熟的个体)到达这个区域和它们能成功地立足和生存。 成功的殖民化取决于有一个非常适 合定居的场所所谓安全的地方就是，火灾和砍伐的干扰已经赶走了竞争物种或已经减小 了竞争力和对入侵物种要立足产生的阻力。对于入侵速率，迁居到一个潮湿肥沃的地方会比
6、 到一个干的，不肥沃的地方更快，因为在后者更难存活。一个肥沃，翻耕的领域会迅速地被 大量多样的野草侵入，然而一个邻近的建筑区，为了曝光一个粗糙不肥沃的，并且几乎可能 是多月或多年都没有植被覆盖的母质层，它的土壤已经是被压实或是移动，尽管是收到了如 在翻耕区域相同的种子投入。 Both the rate of invasion and the rate of extinction vary greatly among different plant species.Pioneer speciesthose that occur only in the earliest stages of col
7、onizationtend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules(seeds,spores,and so on)and because they have an efficient means of dispersal(normally,wind). 在不同的植物种类中，入侵率和灭绝率有很大的差别。先驱物种只出现在殖民的最 初阶段它们能高效的入侵，因为它们可以产生大量的生殖繁殖体(像是种子，孢子之类) 并且它们有一种高效的传播方式(正常情
8、况下，是风)。 If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules,then they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats.Many plants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small,relatively short-lived seeds to comp
9、ensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means of reaching the appropriate type of habitat.Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants,such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those that produce long-live
10、d seeds.Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation,and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors.For example,as many as 1,125 viable seeds per square meter were found in a 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Colum
11、bia.Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species.The rapid colonization of such sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the large seed bank on the forest floor. 如果殖民植物产出的是寿命较短的生命繁殖体，之后它们就必须繁殖很大的数量，除非 它们有一种高效的传播方式去适应新的栖息地。很多植物依靠风去传播并且产生
12、大量的小且 寿命相对较短的种子来抵消这样一种风并不总是能可靠地到达一个适合的栖息地的事实。一 些植物已经发展了可供选择的策略，像那些能生产出通过鸟或小型哺乳动物带到合适栖息地 的较小却更大的种子的植物，或是能生产出存活得更久的种子的植物。很多的森林植物偏于 选择第二种方法，并且大量先驱植物的可存活种子也能在森林地被物上被找到。举个例子， 在不列颠哥伦比亚沿海的道格拉斯西部铁杉森林里， 每一平方米都能找到 1125 个可生长的种 子。几乎所有在这个种子库里发芽的种子都是属于先驱植物。如这样快速的在这种已被干扰 的区域殖民毫无疑问是在部分反映出这个雨林地表的种子库。 An adaptation t
13、hat is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination(the beginning of a seeds growth).Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates,increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environm
14、ental conditions.This is particularly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great climatic diversity. 这种在殖民物种里发展的很好的适应方法在萌芽期(种子成长初期)中存在很大程度的变 化。一个特定物种的种子表现出一个较宽范围的发芽期，这增加了至少有一部分种子会在有 良好的环境条件时
15、期发芽的可能性。这对于要迁居到没有植被去改善极端气候和已具备气候 多样性的地方的物种尤其重要。 Species succession in plant communities,i.e.the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species.AVariation in rates of invasion and growth plays an impor
16、tant role in determining patterns of succession,especially secondary succession.The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites.CSuch species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites,excluding other species
17、 with lower invasion and growth rates.DThe first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of species with the highest rate of invasion,whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival rates but lower invasion rates. 植物群落里的物种演替，意思就是说，
18、物种出现和消失的时间顺序是依赖于在一个物种 的生存史中发生在不同阶段的事件。入侵和生长比率的变化在决定演替模式中扮演着一个重 要角色，尤其是在次级演替中。首先迁居到别处的物种都可以产出大量能够顺利分散到新地 点的种子。像这些物种，一般都能迅速的生长和控制新区域，将那些入侵及生长水平更低的 其他物种排除在外。因此率先占据受兵家必争之地的群落可能是由有着最高入侵性率的物种 组成的，然而再后来阶段的群落可能就由有着相似存活率较低入侵水平的植被组成了。 Q1 正确答案：A 解 析 ： 根 据 题 目 关 键 词 disturbance of a site 定 位 到 a safe site where
19、 disturbance.这句话，在定位句中 by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced level of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established，“一个地 方的火灾和砍伐，消除了竞争对手或减低了竞争强度和其它负面互动，新物种得以入侵建立 群落” 。A 选项是对定位部分的准确小结。 Q2 正确答案：
20、A 解析：根据词汇所在上下文推断词意，remain virtually free of vegetation 想要表达 的意思是“保持基本上没有植被”;virtually 表示“实际上，几乎”,程度上对应 almost totally。 Q3 正确答案：C 解析 ： 定位到第一段第 5、6 句话 a plowed field 和 a construction site 二者的对比， 前 者是 rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds，后者是 free of vegetation for many months or even years despi
21、te receiving the same input of seeds， 对比的内容是不同环境对 plant colonization 的适合程度。 Q4 正确答案：C 解析：根据词汇所在上下文推断词意，free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field， 根据 despite 前后部 分的意思， 可知 despite 在此处表转折， 是 “尽管” 的意思， 对应 even though， 尽管/即使。 Q5 正确答案：B
22、解析 ： 原句强调了先锋物种(pioneer species)入侵速度快的两个原因，一是能够产生大 量可繁殖的种子，二是拥有有效的传播途径。B 选项是对这句话的准确概括。A 错在原句没有 讲要传播到哪里，fertile sites 多余;C 和 D 错在都漏掉了“传播途径有效”这一层意思。 Q6 正确答案：B 解析：定位到动物传播种子的原因的句子，第三段第 2，3 句：abundant quantities of small,relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a rel
23、iable means，“小而短寿的种子靠风传播， 数量多是为了抵消风传播的不可靠性” ， fewer but larger seeds by birds or small mammals,“大而少的种子由鸟和动物传播” 。能直 接推断出的原因是风传播不了分量重的大种子。 Q7 正确答案：D 解析：the latter adaptation，后者的适应。在 Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants 这句话中，有两种 adaptation，前者的适应是指 those that produce fewer but larger seeds
24、，后者的适应是指 those that produce long-lived seed。 Q8 正确答案：A 解析：根据词汇所在上下文推断词意。在 viable seeds 所在的句子中，因为 Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation 代表的是 plants produce long- lived seeds,所以接下来的 viable seeds 代表的是“能成活，有生命力的种子” ，对应 able to survive。viable，能独立发展的;能独立生存的;可生长发育的。 Q9 正确答案：C 解析：根据关键短语 F
25、or example 判断，1,125 per 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest 的例子是为了例证上一句话的观点，并且在这片森林里的种子的特点是 nearly all the seeds that had germinated were pioneer species。结合这个例子前的观点 句 ： viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors， 可 知这个例子是为了说明长命种子在森林地面上很多且大都能发芽。 Q1
26、0 正确答案：D 解析：第 4 段的大意主要讲的就是适应环境的物种是发芽率高的物种，能最大化地传播 种子。题干问的是具体使用了那种方法，定位到段落第 2 句 Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates,increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate“发芽日期广而多，增加发芽几率” ，D 选项对应这句话 的意思。 Q11 正确答案：D 解析：abundant， “大量的;丰盛的;充裕的” ，名词形式是 abu
27、ndance。Plentiful， “大 量的;众多的;充足的;丰富的” 。 Q12 正确答案：B 解析：根据题干意思定位到段落第 2 句:Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession,especially secondary succession。题干的 sequence 是对 succession 的同义改写，所以决定因素是 variation in rates of invasion and growth， 结 合 定 位 句
28、后 面 的 解 释 ： The species that are first.lower invasion and growth rates(入侵能力强的物种的种子以传播， 易生长)， 确定 B 选项是对定位句准确的同义改写。 Q13 正确答案：插入第三个方框中(C) 解析：这个插入句的意思是“他们需要相对少的保护或者营养” ，关键词是 they，要做 到与上下文联系， 插入句的上文和下文都应该包含 they 指代的复数名词， 只有 C 处的上一句 和下一句都有 species，符合要求，所以 they 在原文里指代的是需要少量营养或保护的 species。插入句的意思是说该物种的生存要求很低
29、，就意味着他们更能存活，C 处的下一句 讲的就是它们如何快速地入侵和繁殖的。 Q14 正确答案：A D F 解析：A 的表述主要概括了第 2 段的核心意思：在一个杂乱的地方能最先大批生长的物 种通常是能产生大量种子并被有效传播的物种;D 的表述主要概括了第 4 段的核心意思：生产 长时间多次萌发的种子， 能让一些新的植物占领偶尔能提供适合生长条件的地方(也就是在说 物种的适应能力);F 的表述主要概括了第 5 段的核心意思：一个物种在一个地方的连续出现 和消失是这个物种的入侵率、增长率和生存率的变化的结果。 以上是给大家整理的托福 TPO32 阅读 Passage1 原文文本+题目+答案解析， 希望对你有所 帮助!