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1、Feeding Strategies for Prolific Sows 高产母猪的饲养策略,P.A. Thacker Department of Animal Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 加拿大萨斯喀砌温大学动物科学系 中文翻译：美国ADM公司 蔡永久,Changes in the Swine Industry (1980-2005) 养猪工业的变化 (1980-2005),Increased Reproductive Efficiency 提高繁殖率 Reduced Back Fat Levels 降
2、低背膘厚度 Earlier Weaning 早期断奶 Muti-Site Production 多点生产 Larger Operations 规模变大 Lower Profit Margins 利润空间变小,Feed Modern Genotypes Differently 现代基因型猪饲养与过去的不同,Conserve Body Tissue 体组织储备,Consequences of Poor Sow Nutrition 母猪营养缺乏的后果,Smaller Litter Size 窝重小 Increased Piglet Mortality 仔猪死亡率增加 Lighter Pigs at
3、Weaning 断奶体重轻 Lower Conception Rates 受精率低 Longer Weaning to Rebreeding Interval 断奶至下一次配种时间间隔长 Premature Culling 过早淘汰,Formulate Diets for Specific Stages of Production 按生产阶段配制日粮,Developer diets typically contain higher levels of vitamins and minerals than those fed to market animals since the nutriti
4、onal requirements for growth and reproduction are different. 由于生长和繁殖期的营养需要量不同，后备母猪日粮比商品育肥猪的日粮含有更高水平的维生素和微量元素。 The higher levels of vitamins and minerals are designed to enhance body reserves of nutrients since breeding animals will remain in the herd for a significantly longer period than market ani
5、mals. 由于种猪比育肥猪饲养时间长，高水平的维生素和微量元素可以保证它们体组织营养物的储备。,Gilt Developer Diets 后备母猪日粮,Locomotor problems are a common reason for culling and it is important to ensure adequate intakes of calcium and phosphorus. 运动问题是造成母猪淘汰的主要原因, 但它对保证母猪能摄取足够的钙磷也非常重要。 Several research trials have indicated that the calcium an
6、d phosphorus requirements for maximal bone mineralization are higher than the requirements for maximal growth rate. 很多实验研究表明，猪的最大骨质矿化要比最快生长率对钙磷的需要量更高。,Diets fed to replacement gilts should be at least 0.1% higher in calcium and total phosphorus than diets fed to market animals beginning at approxima
7、tely 50 kg body weight. 从50kg体重开始，后备母猪日粮的钙磷水平比育肥猪至少要高0.1%。,In addition to higher levels of calcium and phosphorus, there is antidotal evidence that supplementing the gilt developer diet with higher levels of copper, zinc, iron, iodine and manganese will increase body reserves of these minerals and m
8、ay enhance future reproductive performance. 后备母猪的日粮除要求额外高水平的钙、 磷之外如能再补充高水平的铜、 锌、铁、碘、锰微量元素，这将 有助于提高母猪体内对这些矿物 质的储备从而能改善以后的繁殖 表现。,Typical Gilt Finisher Developer 育肥猪 后备母猪 常量元素 Macrominerals (Total) 钙 Calcium % 0.60 0.75 磷 Phosphorus % 0.50 0.65 有效磷 Avail phosphorus % 0.20 0.40 食盐 Salt % 0.33 0.40 微量元素
9、Microminerals (Supplemented) 铁 Iron mg/kg 50 150 铜 Copper mg/kg 10 15 锌 Zinc mg/kg 90 150 碘 Iodine mg/kg 0.14 0.28 硒 Selenium mg/kg 0.30 0.30 锰 Manganese mg/kg - 20,Recommendations for Mineral Fortification of a Gilt Developer Diet Compared with a Typical Finisher Diet 与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中矿物质的推荐添加量,The v
10、itamin needs of the reproducing female are also greater than those of the terminal animal. 繁殖母猪的维生素需要量比育肥猪高。 The typical vitamin premix used in the finishing barn should be replaced with a “breeder” vitamin premix. 要用种猪维生素预混料来代替常用育肥猪饲养期的典型维生素预混料。 The breeder premix should contain elevated levels of
11、the fat soluble vitamins A, D, and E and the water-soluble vitamins with special attention to choline, biotin, pyridoxine and folic acid which are usually not supplemented in typical finishing rations. 种猪维生素预混料应含高水平的脂溶性维生素A、D、E和水溶性多种维生素，特别注意胆碱、生物素、B6、叶酸这些通常不在育肥猪日粮中添加的维生素。,Vitamin Levels for Develope
12、r Diets 后备母猪日粮的维生素水平,Typical Finisher Gilt Developer 育肥猪 后备母猪 Vitamin A IU 5500 8200 Vitamin D IU 550 825 Vitamin E IU 25 66 Vitamin K mg 2 2 Vitamin B12 ug 15 25 Niacin 烟酸 mg 20 20 Pantoth Acid 泛酸 mg 15 20 Riboflavin B2 mg 4 20 Choline 胆碱 mg 0 1250 Biotin 生物素 ug 0 200 Folic Acid 叶酸 mg 0 1.5 Pyridox
13、ine B6 mg 0 1.0,Recommendations for Vitamin Fortification of a Gilt Developer Compared with a Finisher Diet 与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中维生素的推荐添加量,The objective of any feeding strategy for gilts should be to introduce replacements into the breeding herd in such a way that their breeding lifetime and reproductive
14、performance are maximized. 后备母猪饲养策略的目标是引进后备猪进入繁殖群后它们均能达到最大程度的繁殖周期和繁殖性能,Feeding Gilts 后备母猪的饲养,It is important that replacement gilts be of sufficient age, size and physiological maturity before breeding. 有必要在繁殖前就选用好后备母猪具备足够年龄、大小、生理成熟状态。 It is also necessary that they have adequate reserves of fat and
15、 lean in their body at first mating. 也必需在第一次配种前考虑所选用的后备母猪具备足够体脂和瘦肉储备。,At least 135 kg live weight 至少135公斤活体重 At least 16-20 mm P2 back fat 至少P2背膘厚度16-22毫米 At second estrus or later 至少处于第二个发情期或更晚,Targets for Gilts at First Mating 后备母猪第一次配种时的目标指数,Body Weight P2 Backfat at Number of Piglets Born at Mat
16、ing (kg) Mating (mm) Parity 1 Parity 1 to 5 配种时体重 P2背脂厚度 初胎产仔数 1-5胎产仔总数 117 14.6 7.1 51.0 126 15.8 9.8 57.3 136 17.7 10.3 56.9 146 20.0 10.5 59.8 157 22.4 10.5 51.7 166 25.3 9.9 51.3 Challinor et al., 1996,Reproductive Performance of Sows According to Body Weight and Back Fat at First Mating 母猪的繁殖性能
17、与第一次配种时的体重和背脂厚度相关,Feeding Replacement Gilts From Herd Entry Until Mating 后备母猪从进入种群到配种的饲养,For most genotypes of gilts there is no need to do anything special to manipulate body composition. 对大多数品种的后备母猪来说没必要故意设法想改变其身体组分。 All that will be required will be to feed a gilt developer diet ad libitum from a
18、rrival in the breeding herd until mating. 从进入繁殖群到配种，最必需的是用后备母猪专用料并采用自由采食方式来饲喂后备母猪。 This diet should contain about 3000-3200 kcal of DE/kg and 0.70-0.80% lysine. 该日粮应含3000-3200大卡/kg消化能和0.7-0.8%赖氨酸。,Body Weight of Gilt 后备母猪体重 10-20 20-50 50-100 DE Intake (Mcal/day) 3.4 6.40 9.0 消化能 （兆卡/天） Crude Protei
19、n (%) 粗蛋白 20.9 18.0 16.3 Total Lysine (%) 总赖氨酸 1.15 0.95 0.75 Total Lysine (g/day 天) 11.5 19.0 22.5 g Lysine/Mcal DE 3.38 2.96 2.50 克赖氨酸/兆卡消化能 Adapted from NRC (1998). Assumes ad lib intake and a lean growth potential of 325 g/day 假设自由采食、瘦肉生长潜力为325克/天。,Nutrient Levels to Maximize Lean Tissue Growth
20、Rates in Developing Gilts 后备母猪最大瘦肉组织生长率所需的营养水平,For genotypes whose growth rate is so rapid that they are likely to be significantly over the target weight before reaching puberty, it may be necessary to restrict energy intake. 在性成熟阶段之前，对于那些生长过快很可能显著超过目标体重的后备母猪品种，有必要限制它们的能量摄入。 The objective of restri
21、cting energy intake during rearing is to limit mature body size and reduce feet and leg problems associated with females that become too heavy or too fat. There are two possibilities to accomplish this: 饲养管理中限饲能量摄入的目的是限制成熟母猪的体重、减少因母猪超重过肥引发的肢蹄病。通常采用两种方法: 1. Restrict Feed Intake (2.4-2.6 kg) 限制日采食量 2.
22、 Reduce Energy Density 降低能量浓度,Effect of High Fibre Gestation Diets on Reproductive Performance 高纤维日粮对怀孕母猪繁殖性能的影响,Standard 50% Sugar 50 % Mixed Gestation Diet Beet Pulp Fibre Sources 标准怀孕日粮 50%甜菜粕 50%纤维混合物 Net Energy Content (MJ/kg) 净能含量 9.03 8.49 6.72 Gestation Feed Intake (kg) 怀孕猪采食量 281 290 368 Ge
23、station Energy Intake (MJ NE) 2296 2216 2287 怀孕猪摄入净能 Lactation Energy Intake (MJ NE) 1450 1528 1438 泌乳猪摄入净能 Gestation Weight Gain (kg) 怀孕猪体增重 58.7 61.6 67.9 Lactation Weight Loss (kg) 泌乳猪体失重 8.0 6.3 9.6 Pigs Born Alive 出生活仔数 10.8 10.9 10.7 Birth Weight (kg)出生重 1.6 1.5 1.7 Pigs Weaned 断奶仔猪数 9.5 9.3 9
24、.3 28 Day Weaning Weight (kg) 8.4 8.1 8.4 28天断奶重_ Vestergaard and Danielsen, 1998. Animal Science 68: 355-362. Mixed Fibre= Grass meal, wheat bran and oat hulls. 混合纤维 = 干草+麦麸+燕麦壳,Feeding Replacement Gilts Prior To Mating 后备母猪 配种前的 饲养,Feeding Gilts Prior to Mating 后备母猪配种前的饲养,The objective of the feed
25、ing program immediately before mating is to maximize the number of eggs ovulated. 在临近配种时饲喂程序的目标是促使排卵数最大化。 Ovulation rate is the principle factor limiting litter size in gilts and increasing the level of feed intake prior to mating will significantly increase ovulation rate. 排卵率是限制母猪窝重的主要因子，在配种前提高采食量
26、能显著性地增加排卵效率。 Ovulation rate increases by 1-2 ova in response to increased feed intake during the 14-day period immediately prior to ovulation. This is the well know flushing effect. 在排卵前14天立即增加采食量，排卵数相应会增加1-2个，这是著名的“冲刷”效果。（最大采食量会导致胃肠的迅速排空，即催情补饲）,Flushing has been shown to increase plasma levels of F
27、SH and increase the pulse frequency of LH suggesting that flushing enhances ovulation rate by stimulating the secretion of gondotrophins. 催情补饲能增加血浆中卵泡刺激素的水平和增加促黄体素的脉冲频率，这表明催情补饲能通过刺激促性腺激素的分泌提高排卵速率。 The increase in gonadotrophin secretion is thought to be mediated through plasma levels of insulin and
28、insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). 促性腺激素分泌的增加被看作是血浆中胰岛素和胰岛素类似生长因子-1 (IGF-1)的水平调节所致。 The increase in ovulation rate likely occurs either as result of increased follicle recruitment or a reduction in atresia. 排卵速率的增加很可能是由于卵泡增生加强或是卵泡囊萎缩下降所致。,The Effects of Feed Level During the First Estrous Cycle o
29、n Litter Size 在第一个发情期饲喂水平对窝重的效果,Should feed intake be restricted for any reason during the rearing period, special precautions should be taken to ensure that gilts are fed ad lib (at least 3 kg/day) for the two week period prior to mating. 如果在饲养过程中限制饲料采食量，应当在配种前2周采取特别措施来确保后备母猪自由采食(至少3公斤/天)。,Summary
30、of Feeding Replacement Gilts 后备母猪饲养小结,Feed replacement gilts a specialized developer diet rather than a finisher diet to enhance body stores of vitamins and minerals. 饲喂后备母猪要使用专门的日粮而不是育肥猪日粮，以促使体组织中维生素和矿物营养元素的贮存。 Feed diet containing 3000-3200 kcal DE and 0.7-0.8% lysine ad libitum to ensure adequate
31、 reserves of fat and lean at mating. 日粮应含3000-3200大卡/千克消化能和0.7-0.8%赖氨酸并自由采食,确保配种时母猪体脂肪和肌肉的储备。 For some genotypes, it may be necessary to restrict feed intake to reduce feet and leg problems associated with females getting too heavy or fat. 对某些品种有必要限制采食量，减少由于母猪超重过肥引起的肢蹄病。 If for any reason feed intak
32、e is restricted, feed gilts ad libitum (3.0 kg) for two week period prior to mating. 如果由于某种原因采食量受到限制，应当在配种前2周确保后备母猪自由采食(至少3公斤/天)。,Feeding Sows in Gestation 怀孕母猪的饲养,Objectives of Feeding Program in Gestation 怀孕母猪饲喂程序的目标,Minimize embryo mortality 减少胚胎死亡率 Provide nutrients for fetal growth 提供胎体生长营养 Pro
33、vide nutrients for the growth of the uterus and mammary glands 提供子宫和乳腺生长发育营养 Allow for maternal growth 维持母猪的生长 Replenish body reserves depleted during the previous lactation 补充泌乳前期体储存营养物的损失 Set the sow up metabolically for the ensuing lactation调节母猪身体代谢状况为随后的泌乳做准备,Goal is to have the sow produce a la
34、rge, healthy litter with a high probability of survival and with the potential for rapid and efficient growth. 目标是确保母猪产仔窝重大、健康、成活率高、具快速生长效率的潜力。,Approaches to Gestation Feeding 怀孕母猪的饲养方法,North American System 北美系 Danish System 丹麦系,Feeding Pattern During Gestation (North American System) 怀孕母猪饲喂模式（北美系）
35、,North American System 北美模式,In this system , there are three major phases where feed intake is adjusted . They are: 其中有三个调整采食量的主要阶段，它们是： Early gestation where the focus is on embryo survival (first two weeks) 怀孕早期关注胚胎成活率（0-2周） Mid-gestation where the focus is on sow body condition (days 14 to 100) 怀
36、孕中期关注母猪体况（14-100天） Late gestation where the focus is on fetal growth and setting the sow up for the ensuing lactation (last 2 weeks)怀孕后期关注胎儿生长和调整身体状况，为随后的泌乳做准备（最后两周）。,Feeding During Early Pregnancy (North American System) 怀孕早期的饲养（北美系）,Approximately 20-30% of all embryos die during the first 30 days
37、of gestation. 怀孕早期的前30天约有20-30%的胚胎死亡。 Research has shown that high levels of feed intake following mating are associated with an increase in embryo mortality. 研究表明配种后的高采食量与 高胚胎死亡率密切相关。,The principle mechanism controlling the development of embryos and their subsequent survival is the secretion of ut
38、erine specific proteins. 控制胚胎发育即后成活率的主要机理是子宫特殊蛋白的分泌 These proteins are stimulated by ovarian steroid hormones particularly progesterone. A rise in progesterone early in pregnancy enhances the uterine environment and makes it more supportive of the embryo. 这些特殊蛋白被卵巢类固醇激素尤其黄体酮激发。怀孕早期黄体酮的升高会改善子宫环境，为胚胎提
39、供更适宜的营养。 Increased feed intakes have been shown to be associated with a decrease in plasma progesterone as a result of increased metabolic clearance of progesterone leading to a subsequent reduction in embryo survival. 采食量增加已经证明与代谢分解加快、血浆黄体酮降低有关，结果导致胚胎存活率降低,Feeding Level Ovulation Total Embryo Proge
40、sterone Day 1-3 Day 3-15 Rate Embryos Survival (%) (ng/ml) 1-3天饲喂量 3-15天饲喂量 排卵数 胚胎数 胚胎成活率 黄体酮浓度 1.9 kg 1.9 kg 14.5 12.4 85.9 10.5 2.5 kg 1.9 kg 14.9 11.5 77.3 3.7 2.6 kg 2.6 kg 14.9 10.2 66.9 4.5 _ Jindal et al., 1996,Effect of Feed Level in Early Gestation on Plasma Progesterone Levels and Embryo S
41、urvival 怀孕早期的饲喂水平对血浆黄体酮和胚胎存活率的影响,High-plane Feeding 高水平饲喂量,Increased hepatic blood flow 增加肝中血浆流动,Increased metabolic clearance rate of Progesterone 黄体酮分解代谢速度增加,Decreased plasma progesterone Concentration 血浆黄体酮浓度降低,Suboptimal secretion of “uterine specific proteins”子宫特殊蛋白分泌不适,Decreased embryo surviva
42、l rate 胚胎成活率降低,As a result of this research, it is generally recommended that low (1.8-2.0 kg) level feeding be conducted for the first two weeks of gestation. 研究结果表明，通常建议怀孕头两周采用低饲喂量（1.8-2.0公斤) 。,Feeding During Mid-Pregnancy (North American System) 怀孕中期的饲养 (北美模式),The underlying objective of feeding
43、sows during mid-gestation is to allow for a moderate weight gain and to achieve a target level of body fat at farrowing (18-22 mm). 怀孕中期母猪饲喂的目标是获得适宜的体增重、产仔时体脂肪达到目标水平（18-22mm),Breeding Back Fat at Breeding (mm) 繁殖时背膘厚度 Wt (kg) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 115-119 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1
44、.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 120-124 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 19 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 125-129 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 130-134 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 135-139 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 140-144 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.
45、1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 145-149 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 150-154 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 155-159 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 160-164 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.8 165-169 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.
46、3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 170-174 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 175-179 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.9 180-184 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 185-189 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 190-194 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.
47、5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 195-199 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 200-204 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 205-209 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2,Target Feed Intakes for Gestating Gilts (Days 14 to 100) 14 - 100天怀孕母猪的目标采食量,Feeding Sows in Late
48、Gestation 怀孕后期母猪的饲养,The nutrient requirements of gestating sows are greatest in late gestation when fetal growth is at its peak. 怀孕后期母猪体内胎儿生长处高峰期、对营养需要量最大。 If feed intake is not increased during this period, the sow will lose back fat during the last two weeks of gestation. 如果这个时候不增加采食量，在怀孕最后两周母猪的背脂厚度将降低。 In addition, there is evidence that this catabolic state will contribute to sows gorging and then going off feed in early lactation. 此外，有证据表明分解代谢状态将导致母