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1、Europe Culture An Introduction 4,Renaissance and Reformation,I. General Introduction II. Renaissance in Italy III. Reformation and Counter-Reformation IV. Renaissance in Other Countries V. Science and Technology during the Renaissance VI. Summing-up,I. Introduction: Renaissance literally translates
2、as rebirth and it stretches from the 14th to the 17th centuries. In the middle ages the Church reigned supreme due to a lack of strong national government and it is in the renaissance that we see the end of feudal society and social changes that pave the way for the rise of the middle classes in the
3、 industrial revolution. Countries grow strong and so do not need to rely on locals to keep control and so we get centralized government.,In the renaissance humanist thinkers attempted to get rid of the conservative ideas and new ideas developed which also helped pave the way for the industrial revol
4、ution. The renaissance began in Florence and Venice with outpourings of art and literature but soon spread to other countries affecting different things. In Italy fine art was the biggest product of the renaissance but in France it was literature and in England philosophy and literature.,The Renaiss
5、ance in Italy:,1)Why did the renaissance begin in Italy? 2) The rise of humanism 3) Renaissance artists 4) The decline of the Italian renaissance,II. Renaissance in Italy,Historical Background The Rise of Humanism New Literature Renaissance Art Decline of the Italian Renaisssance,1)Why did the renai
6、ssance begin in Italy? i) Urbanisation due to tradebig cities are created such as Venice and Milan which thrive on trade because at the heart of the Mediterranean Italy was in the perfect route for trade from all over Europe to go to Africa and vice versa. ii) This in turn led to new ideas through b
7、eing in close contact with different cultures particularly the Arabs who had preserved much of the work of ancient Greece,iii) As a result there is a revival of interest in classical learning and new humanist ideas. Humanism = Man is at the centre of the world and not Godman more significant than Go
8、d hence loss of power by church!,The Rise of Humanism,i) Due to the increase in wealth caused by increased trade there was a new moneyed class with a new philosophy. Intellectuals who used to help train priests and spread Christianity focused their energy on providing these people with a philosophy.
9、 ii) Shakespeare accurately sums up humanist philosophy when he says in Hamlet:,“What a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like an angel; in apprehension how like a god!” the replacing of Gods significance w
10、ith that of man.,iii) Related to this is a belief in the promotion of wealth, pleasure and the beauty of the human bodyexactly counter to the idea of asceticism and poverty which was the religious philosophy of the Middle Ages. iv) The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature of
11、 Italy and other European countries during the renaissance. There is no longer brooding about death and what comes after it but rather a new modern man who works for the present and future progression of man kind.,3) Renaissance Artists,i) Donatello (1386 1466): A sculptor who was one of the first t
12、o visit Rome and study classical ruins. Famous work includes the nude sculpture of David (The Hebrew king slew Goliath) which was in perfect proportions (anatomical knowledge in art).,David,David,David,ii)Leonardo da Vinci (1452 1519): known as a painter but his out put was actually relatively small
13、 and included The Last Supper and The Mona Lisa. He was also an inventor who even designed potential flying machines,Self Portrait of Leonardo Da Vinci,Mona Lisa,The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in Da Vinccis Mona Lisa- model wife of a banker - the ambiguity of the smile.,Last Supper,La
14、st Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.,iii).Michelangelo: David, Sistine Chapel(from the First book of the Bible， the Genesis ), Dying Slave(垂死的奴隶), Moses(摩西),西斯廷教堂天顶画局部 壁画 36541314米 米开朗期罗 （意大利） 梵帝冈西斯廷教堂藏 （1475 - 1564年）,Dying Slave,David,Raphael was best known for his Madonna (Virgin
15、 Mary) (圣母玛利亚) He painted his Madonnas in different postures (姿势)， against different backgrounds. One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派)。 Plato and Aristotle engaged (使用) in argument.,Madonna of the Chair （油画） （意大利） 拉斐尔 （1514 - 1516年）,The Alba Madonna,Titian oil
16、color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World The Venus of Urbino (断臂的维纳斯), Man with the Glove (带手套的人),Man with the Glove,III. Reformation and Counter-Reformation,Reformation Pre-Luther Religious Reformers Martin Luther and his Doctrines John Calvin and Calvinism Reformatio
17、n in England Counter-Reformation Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism,Reformation,The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as (同时) a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg (机智) his 95
18、 thesis 。 This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists (改革者) engaged (使用) themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 宗教改革的实质是：
19、反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经,Pre-Luther Religious Reformers,John Wycliffe, chief forerunner of the reformation, took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382. Jan Hus Czech Religious leader,Martin Luther and his Doctrines,Martin Luther was the German leader of the protestant R
20、eformation. His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church. Martin Luther, with his translation of the New Testament and later, the whole Bile into the vernacular made the Bible accessible to every man, to the average church goer.,John Calvin and Calvinism,John Calvin 基督教教义
21、one of the most influential theological works. Calvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会)。 Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。,Reformation i
22、n England,The national religion established after reformation in England was called The Church of England or The Anglican Church. It was under the reign (统治) of Henry that reformation was successful in England. The English Bible was adopted (采纳) in England after Reformation.,Counter-Reformation,Coun
23、ter-Reformation: By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle (坐以待毙)。 They mustered (召集) their forces， the dedicated (专用的) Catholic groups， to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements
24、 (改良)， to bring back its vitality (活力). This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation. Council of Trent The sessions of the Council reaffirmed that the Church had the sole right to interpret the Bile. Ignatius and the Jesuits Ignatius and his followers called themselve
25、s the Jesuits， members of the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits went through strict (严格的) spiritual training (精神训练) and organized (有组织的) their own colleges to train selected youth who would be centre of their influence in the next generation.,Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism,Reformation movement
26、 broke the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church. Protestantism which began as a religious movement against the orthodox church of Rome had profound impact on religious life in Europe. Europe was to take a new course of development, ascientific revolution was to be under way and, capitalis
27、m was to set in with its dynamic economic principles.,IV. Renaissance in Other Countries,Renaissance in France Renaissance in Spain Renaissance in the North Renaissance in England,Renaissance in France,Rabelais 拉伯雷 巨人传 French writer Ronsard Pleiade 七星诗社代表人 法国第一个近代抒情诗人 Montaigne 蒙田 散文集 French Writer,
28、Renaissance in Spain,Literature Miguel de Cervantes It is recognized as the father of the modern European novel and has had great impact on world literature. Art El Greco , one of the outstanding artists of the counter-reformation, was a Spanish painter. 伯爵的葬礼(典型的反宗教改革),Renaissance in the North,Rena
29、issance in the Netherlands Erasmus was a great Dutch scholar and humanist. Renaissance in Flanders Pieter Bruegel was a Flemish painter of landscape and scenes of rural life. Renaissance in Germany Albrecht Durer阿尔布雷特丢勒 , the leader of the Renaissance in Germany. Hans Holbein, the last great German
30、master of the 16th century.,Renaissance in England,到达英国晚的原因：The war of Roses and Its weak and unimportant position in world trade. It was to produce some towering figures (顶级人物) in the English. William Shakespeare， Edmund Spenser， Sir Thomas More. The Reign of Elizabeth I was a period of political a
31、nd religious stability (稳定) on the one hand and economic prosperity (繁荣) on the other. England began to embark (从事) on the road to colonization (殖民扩张) and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday (鼎盛) of capitalist development.,Thomas More , a great humanist William Shakespeare, crowned l
32、iterature of England 悲剧 Hamlet (哈姆雷特)， Othello (奥赛罗)， King Lear (李尔王)， Macbeth (麦克白) 喜剧 As You Like It(皆大欢喜) , Twelfth Night (第十二夜), A midsummer Nights Dream(仲夏夜之梦), The Merchant of Venice(威尼斯商人) 悲剧上的特点： astonishing variety in presentment (表现上的多样性) dramatic movement (戏剧上的时刻) in characterization (人物的
33、个性化),“All the world s a stage, And all the men and women merely players.”,William Shakespeare 1564-1616,V. Science and Technology during the Renaissance,Geographical Discoveries Astronomy Anatomy Leonardo da Vinci Andreas Vesalius , a Flemish anatomist, the founder of modern medicine. marked the beg
34、inning of a new era in the study of anatomy Printing Aldus Manutius, the foremost printer in Italy. Political Science and Historiography,Geographical Discoveries,Christopher Columbus, a Genoese-born navigator and discoverer of the New World. Bartholomeu Dias, a Portuguese navigator , the Cape of Goo
35、d Hope Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese navigator, the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope Amerigo Vespucci, Italian navigator in whose honor America was named.,Astronomy,Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who put forward revolutionary ideas in astronomy at that time. He believed that the
36、 earth and other planets orbit about the sun and that earth is not at the centre of the universe. father of modern astronomy Centric (日心说) De Revolutionibus Orbium (天体运行论),Political Science and Historiography,Dante The equality (平等) of the divine (神) power and the secular (世俗) power. (Satan) Niccolo
37、 Machiavelli尼科洛马基雅维里（Niccolo Machiavelli， 14691527），文艺复兴时期意大利著名的政治思想家、政治活动家和历史学家 Father of political science. Prince 诸侯论 Discourses 演讲篇,Summing-up,The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Churchs dispensation. In this
38、release lay the way of development of the modern world. The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow. It shattered Medieval Churchs stifling control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism.,Review,Why do we say Renaissance first came to Italy？ (what propositions先决条件 were there in Ita
39、ly for renaissance to flourish？What priorities优势 were there in Italy for renaissance to flourish？) 答：1、 Because of its geographical position (有利的地理位置)， foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to (有推动力) urban (城市的) economy and helped I
40、taly to accumulated wealth (积累财富)。 2、 Beginning from the 11th century， cities began to rise in central and north Italy. But there existed (存在) rivalry (竞争) among the cities and they were constantly (不变的) at war with each other. 3、 City-states (城邦) have been established in Italy in beginning from the
41、 11th century. 4、 For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century， Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of poets， scholars， artists and sculptors (雕塑家)。 There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.,What are the
42、characteristics of Renaissance art？ (How does Renaissance art differ from the other kinds of arts？) 答：1、Art broke away from the domination of the church. 2、Themes of paintings changed to appreciation(鉴赏) of all aspects of nature and man. 3、 The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples an
43、d put many of the principles (原则信念) of ancient civilization into their works. They began to be supported by individual collectors (私人收藏品)。 4、Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective (透视)。,Why did Renaissance decline in Italy in the end？ 答：1、 The feuds (不合) of
44、families， the conflicts of classes and the rivalry (竞争) between the city-states kept the economic structure of Italy in the traditional local order.(停滞不前) 2、In world trade Italy had lost its supremacy (优势) because of the discovery of America in 1492 and the rounding (环绕) of the Cape of Good Hope in
45、1488， the opening of an all-water route (全线贯通) to India which provided (供应) a cheaper means of transport. How did capitalism rise and develop in Europe？ 答：1、Protestantism was prepared for capitalist development. 2、Imagination， creation and free thinking (思维)。 3、Calvinism. 4、Navigation (航海) and the d
46、iscoveries of new lands. 5、Renaissance. 6、Reformation.,What is the great significance of the reformation？ (What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture？) 答：1、 The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsi
47、ble for. 2、Economically， peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope. 3、In educational and cultural matters， the monopoly of the church was broken. 4、 In religion， Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to the absolute rule of the Ro
48、man Catholic Church. 5、In language， the dominant position of Latin had to give way to (为让步) the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular. 6、In spirit， absolute obedience (盲从) became out-moded (不复存在) and the spirit of quest (探索)， debate ， was ushered in
49、by the reformists.(凡事都要问为什么的精神),Why do we say renaissance came to England very late， but in England renaissance reached its climax？ 答：1、The war of Roses and Its weak and unimportant position in world trade. 2、It was to produce some towering figures (顶级人物) in the English. William Shakespeare， Edmund Spenser， Sir Thomas More. 3、 The Reign of Elizabeth I was a period of political and religious stability (稳定) on the one hand and economic prosperity on the other. England began to