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1、专题二 阅读理解,一、考纲说明,该部分主要考查考生阅读理解书面英语的能力，共 15 小 题，每小题 2 分。要求考生根据所提供的 4 篇短文内容(不少于 900 词)，从每小题所给的 4 个选项中选出最佳选项。该部分要 求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公 告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中普遍性话题的简短文章。 考生应具备以下能力：,(一)理解主旨要义,每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落， 甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义，从这一段或这个句 子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么(即文章的主题)，亦会了 解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，作者没有明 示
2、文章的主旨要义，需要读者从文章的字里行间进行归纳和 概括。,(二)理解文中具体信息,文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支 持，这些细节信息对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳 和概括文章中心思想的基础。具体信息有时可以直接从文章中 获取，有时则需要进行归纳、概括或推断后才能得到。,(三)根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义,阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的单词和短语， 但许多这类词语的含义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用 词典而通过阅读上下文来推断词语含义的能力，是一个合格的 读者必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读理解部分经常考查的一种 能力。,(四)根据所读内容作出判断和推理,在实
3、际的阅读活动中，常常需要根据文章提供的事实和线 索，进行二级推理，推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展 的趋势等。这种推理能力是阅读理解能力的重要构成部分，因 而也是阅读理解部分重点考查的能力之一。,(五)理解文章的基本结构,阅读文章需要具备一定的语篇知识。文章作者常常会使用 各种衔接手段使行文连贯。如果希望准确、深刻地理解文章， 必须把握住全篇的基本结构，理清上下文的衔接关系，即句与 句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。,(六)理解作者的意图、观点和态度,每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个 信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。而这些信息通常并 不是明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。因
4、此，读者需要在 理解文章总体内容的基础上，去领会作者的言外之意。,二、语篇体裁 高考英语阅读理解文章的文体类型主要有： 记叙文、说明文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体有不同的 段落组织方式和脉络层次。,记叙文,往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明确表示时间,先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清who、what、when、 where、why 与 how等六要素。,记叙文又可分传记类和故事类。传记类文章在阅读中时间 是全文的关键，根据时间我们可以找到相关的事件，抓住文章 的主要内容。故事类文章情节性较强，阅读时要注意故事中的 时间、地点、人物和发生的事件，这些都是文章中的主要内容 和信息，对于准确理
5、解文章十分重要。,说明文,说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功,用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，多见于科普类文章。把握 所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键。这类文体的文 章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象。弄 清作者的思路和段落组织的方式，把握次要信息及其与主题的 关系。,应用文,涉及的范围比较广，包括广告、通知、书信等。,应用文一般语言简洁，省略句及不规范的句子较多。阅读时一 般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息，并运用这些信息去解 决问题。因此对题干的理解尤为重要。,论述文,阅读难在这种处处都渗透作者个人观点、态度的,文章。阅读论述文时应该从文体的写作结构和特点入
6、手。文章 的结构往往容易把握，主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词 和关联词来组织段落、文章，因此对信号词的迅速反应和对关 联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与 文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、 反对等感情色彩的词汇。,三、命题分析,高考阅读理解的考查形式主要有四大类：细节理解题、推,理判断题、主旨大意题、词义/句意猜测题。,(一)细节理解题,高考对英语篇章中事实细节的考查主要分为两种情况：一 是直接细节类，有些问题可以或几乎可以直接在文章中找到答 案，考生只要根据题干中的关键词与原文进行对照，就能找到 答案；二是隐含细节类，这类题虽然不能直接从原文中找
7、到对 应的词或短语，但考生可以在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化 才能找到，如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。,常见的设问方式有：,1.特殊疑问句形式。以 when, where, what, which, who, how,much/many 等疑问词开头引出的问题。,2.是非题的形式。含有 true/false, wrong/right，not true/false 或 except 等的判断是非的问题，选项通常是三正一误或三误一 正，此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如 not，never 等。,3.以 According to.开头的提问方式。,4.填空题的形式。如：,(1)To avoi
8、d attracting mountain lions, people are advised,_.,(2)It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on,_.,(3)If you are interested in knowing about what peoples life,will be, you may visit _.,(4)The policemen were told “to look the other way” (the,underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that _.,(5)Ch
9、oose the best order in which the people do _.,(二)推理判断题,推理是指通过文章提供的信息得出文中没有明确提到的结 论。因此在进行推理时必须以文中的有关内容作为前提和依据。 判断是指对文章提供的事实进行分析，然后得出合理的结论。 因此在进行判断时必须考虑文章的全部事实和信息。 阅读理解中对考生推理判断能力的考查要求考生在理解原 文字面意义的基础上，通过对文中细节中隐含的信息和语篇逻 辑关系的分析作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解作者所要传达 的信息，得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。,推理判断题主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力和考 生的识别能力。解答此
10、类题要以文字信息为依据，既不能作出 在原文中找不到依据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息进行多 余推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。 切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。切忌以片面思考得出片面 结论。考生切记，推理判断题必须把握住的一个原则是：正确 选项必须是由文中事实推断出的另一个正确的事实，而不是文 章细节的直接陈述。,常见的设问方式有：,What can be inferred from the text? What can we infer about/from.?,What do we know about.from the first/second. paragraph?
11、 Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to,the text?,Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? What is the purpose of the last part of the text? What is the authors purpose in writing the text? What is the authors attitude toward the.?,Where is the passage most likel
12、y to be taken from? Where would this passage most probably appear? The passage is most likely a part of _.,It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that _. The passage suggests/implies that _.,By the first sentence of the second paragraph the author means,_.,We can conclude that _.,When the wri
13、ter talks about., what he really means is that,_.,(三)主旨大意题,主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的 能力，即考查考生的归纳概括能力。这类试题包括归纳文章标 题(title)、概括文章或段落的主题以及中心思想(main idea)。这 类题在设题时常含有 title, subject, main idea, topic, theme 等词。,常见的设问方式有：,Which of the following can be the best title for the text? What is the best title fo
14、r the text?,The best title/headline for this passage is _. The text/passage could be entitled _.,What might be the most suitable title for the passage? What is Paragraph.mainly talking about? What is the text mainly about?,What is the general/main idea of this passage? Which of the following express
15、es the main idea? The passage/text is mainly about _. Whats the topic of the article?,Whats the subject discussed in the text?,(四)词义/句意猜测题,词义猜测题是高考阅读理解中的一种常见的题型。词义猜 测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个 句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新义，还 可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。它要求考生不但要准确无 误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的 课外词汇。此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是词组
16、、句意猜 测题。因为猜测词组、句意涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主 旨、作者的观点态度等。,在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在 字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知 的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。,常见的设问方式有：,As used in the passage, the phrase “.” suggests _. From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase/sentence,“.” is/refers to _.,What does the underlined phrase/word
17、/sentence “.” in,Paragraph.refer to/mean?,What do you think the expression “.” stands for?,Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the,underlined word in the last paragraph?,The word “.” is closest in meaning to _.,The word “.” refers to/probably means/could best be replaced,by _.,The
18、word “.” is most likely to mean _.,The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to “_”.,The underlined word in the second paragraph means,“_”.,The underlined word “.” in Paragraph. can best be replaced,by “_”.,一、细节理解题,1.直接信息题,该类试题的选项多根据原文中的信息直接进行考查。考生 可先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅 的技巧在文中寻找细节，锁定与 who
19、, what, when, where, why 等 问题有关的细节及关键词后，然后比较所给选项与文中细节的 细微区别，从而确定最佳选项。另外，广告、公告、演出信息、 航班时间表等类别的文章常涉及快速寻找信息题。,在解答这类试题时，考生要抓住题干中的文字信息，采用 针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类试题的答案大都可以在文章中 直接找到。凡是涉及 5W(who, what, when, where, why)和 5H(how soon, how long, how often ，how many/much, how about) 的细节 题，均可采取浏览或搜寻的方式进行解答。如果需要寻找事件 发生的时
20、间，注意力应放在日期上；寻找姓名和地点时，注意 力应放在以大写字母开头的单词上。,考生可通过文章的结构预测所要搜寻的信息在文中可能出 现的位置，以便阅读时具有一定的选择性和针对性。浏览材料 时，应注意有针对性地选择出有关部分，进行仔细阅读，找出 问题的答案。,例,(2018 年新课标卷),A Washington, D.C.Bicycle Tours Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. Duration: 3 hours This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the wor
21、ld-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availabilityand the cherry blossomsdisappear!,Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour Duration: 3 hours (4
22、miles),Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D.C.Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop.Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water.,Capital City Bike Tour in Wa
23、shington, D.C. Duration: 3 hours,Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D.C.newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C.in a healthy way with minimum effort.Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memo
24、rials, and parks.Comfortable bikes and a smooth,tour route (路线) make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.,Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour Duration: 3 hours (7 miles),Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C.Get up close to the m
25、onuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall.Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history.Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water.All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.,1.Which tour do you
26、 need to book in advance? A.Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour. C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.,解析：选A 细节理解直接信息题。根据文中“Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.”中的“Reserve your spot
27、before availability”可知，这个骑行项目需要提前预约。故选 A。,2.What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour? A.Meet famous people. B.Go to a national park.,C.Visit well-known museums. D.Enjoy interesting stories.,解析：选D 细节理解直接信息题。根据文中“Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.”中的“Knowledgeable guides,will entertain y
28、ou with the most interesting stories about Presidents,Congress, memorials, and parks.”可知，在这个活动中，你可以享 受有趣的故事。故选D。,2.间接理解题,该类试题的四个选项不出现在原文中的直接信息里而是借 助同义转换、概念解析、归纳事实等方法对原文信息进行适当 变换。回答时，一定以文章所谈到的内容为依据，切忌凭自己 的观点和经验去选择不符合文章内容的答案。解答这类试题时， 一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索 词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此 时要特别注意一些常见的
29、同义转换或简单换算)。,例,(2018 年天津卷),C Theres a new frontier in 3D printing thats beginning to come into focus: food.Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale.And the industry isnt stopping there.,Food production,With a 3D printer, a cook can print complica
30、ted chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake.Not everybody can do thatit takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy.A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to,“re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same ， ” freeing cooks to complete othe
31、r tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed ，,rather than farm to table.,Sustainability(可持续性),The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain
32、 current levels.Sustainability is becoming a necessity.3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution.Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids,( 水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae ( 藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients ( 烹 饪 原 料 ).3D printing can,reduce
33、fuel use and emissions.Grocery stores of the future might stock “food” that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.,Nutrition,Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier.Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Fo
34、od printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins.So instead of eating a piece of yesterdays bread from the supermarket, youd eat something baked just for you on demand.”,Challenges,Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has man
35、y challenges to overcome.Currently, most ingredients must,be changed to a paste ( 糊状物) before a printer can use them, and,the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways.On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to
36、 dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.,1.What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraph 3? A.It solves food shortage
37、s easily. B.It quickens the transportation of food. C.It needs no space for the storage of food. D.It uses renewable materials as sources of food.,解析：选D,细节理解间接理解题。根据文章第三段,第四句 “Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids ( 水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae ( 藻类) and grass to replac
38、e the familiar ingredients (烹饪原料).”可知，3D 打印机 可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。,2.What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely? A.The printing process is complicated. B.3D food printers are too expensive. C.Food materials have to be dry. D.Some experts doubt 3D food printing.,解析：选C
39、,细节理解间接理解题。根据文章最后一,段中的 “most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad”可 知，阻止 3D 打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干 的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于 3D 打印，因为这很容易使 肉和牛奶变坏。故选 C。,3.数字计算题,数字计算题可涉及年代、年龄、时间、金钱等方面的计算。 此类试题分为直接考查和计算考查。直接考查是根据文中信息 很容易地确定答案；对于计算考查，在文章中虽
40、有相关的事实 细节，但一般要经过具体的计算才能得出正确的答案。 数字计算题要求考生根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找 出计算关系，通过计算得出正确的结论。这类计算比较简单， 关键是要弄清数据间的逻辑关系，选准所需的数字，掌握单位 换算关系，确定计算方法。在处理数字计算题时，首先通读题,干，明确题目要求，然后迅速找到与之相关的数据，对其进行 分析、整合，并结合题干计算出正确答案。对于数据较多、项 目复杂、时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”， 即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计 算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”， 即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算
41、就可得出。,例,(2018 年新课标卷),A Welcome to Holker Hall & Gardens Visitor Information How to Get to Holker By Car: Follow brown signs on A590 from J36, M6. Approximate travel times: Windermere20 minutes, Kendal25 minutes, Lancaster45 minutes, Manchester1 hour and 30 minutes.,By Rail: The nearest station is Ca
42、rk-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth, Lancaster and Preston for connections to major cities & airports. Opening Times SundayFriday (closed on Saturday) 11：00 a.m.4：00 p.m., 30 March2nd November. Admission Charges,Hall & Gardens,Gardens,Adults： Groups：,12.00 9.00,8.00 5.50,Special Events Producers
43、Marker 13th April Join us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks.Meet the producers and get some excellent recipe ideas. Holker Garden Festival 30th May The event celebrates its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening, making it one of the most popular events in g
44、ardening.,Holker once again opens its gardens in aid of the disadvantaged. For just a small donation you can take a tour with our garden guide.,Winter Market,8th November,This is an event for all the family.Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice stree
45、t entertainment.,National Garden Day,28th August,1.How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester?,A.20 minutes. C.45 minutes. 解析：选D,B.25 minutes. D.90 minutes. 根据第一段“How to Get to Holker”中“By Car”,里的“Approximate travel times”后面内容可知，从Manchester到 Holker 要用“1 hour and 30 m
46、inutes”，即 90 分钟。故选 D。,2.How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit to Hall & Gardens?,A.12.00. C.8.00. 解析：选B,B.9.00. D.5.50. 根据“Admission Charges”可知，团体中的一员,去 Hall & Gardens 需要支付9 英镑。故选B。,4.排列顺序题,排列顺序类细节理解题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具 体的事实，然后要求学生根据文章内容对选项中的事实进行排 序。,这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的 逻辑关系，找出事件的正
47、确顺序。做此类试题时可采用“首尾 定位法”，即找出事件发展的首与尾，迅速缩小范围，从而快 速选出正确选项；或直接逐一用排除法按顺序排除，得出正确 选项。排列顺序题常出现在记叙文和说明文中，一般按事件发 生的顺序。,常见的设问方式有： Which of the following is the correct order of.? Which of the following shows the path of signals described in Paragraph.?,例,(2018 年山东省泰安市高三二模),It was Groundhog Day.A winter storm had
48、 hit overnight, too.I tried to open my backdoor only to find six inches of wet, heavy snow piled up against it.I knew I had quite a job of shoveling out ahead of me, so I reached over to grab my snow shovel.It looked a lot more ready to work than I did.I sighed and pulled on my boots, gloves, and he
49、avy coat.,The wind chill was below zero and cut into my face as I slowly shoveled off my deck.After that, I stayed my way over to my daughters house shoveling the path as I walked.It took a while to get her driveway clear and I knew I still had a lot to do.Next came the paths down the hill to my own cars covered in snow.I had grabbed the broom to sweep them off