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1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD 7974-6:2004 The application of fire safety engineering principles to fire safety design of buildings Part 6: Human factors: Life safety strategies Occupant evacuation, behaviour and condition (Sub-system 6) ICS 13.220.01 PD 7974-6:2004 This Published Document was published unde
2、r the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 1 July 2004 BSI 1 July 2004 The following BSI references relate to the work on this Published Document: Committee reference FSH/24/5 ISBN 0 580 43812 0 Committees responsible for this Published Document The preparation of this Publish
3、ed Document was entrusted by Technical Committee FSH/24, Fire safety engineering, to Subcommittee FSH/24/5, Fire service intervention, upon which the following bodies were represented: Association of Building Engineers BRE/LPC Laboratories Chief and Assistant Chief Fire Officers Association District
4、 Surveyors Association Fire Brigades Union Fire Safety Development Group Home Office Home Office Fire Service College London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority ODPM Building Division Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.DateComments PD 7974-6:2004 BSI 1 July 2004 i Contents Page Committees
5、 responsibleInside front cover Forewordii Introduction1 1Scope2 2Normative references3 3Terms and definitions3 4Principles5 5Design behavioural scenarios for quantification of pre-movement and travel times8 6Occupant condition14 7Summary18 Annex A (normative) Default alarm times21 Annex B (normative
6、) Pre-movement behaviours and determinants21 Annex C (normative) Default pre-movement time distribution data and derivations23 Annex D (normative) Guidance on travel speeds and flow rates27 Annex E (normative) Detailed information required for ASET and RSET calculations30 Annex F (normative) Feature
7、s of design behavioural scenario categories32 Annex G (normative) Effects of smoke on walking speed and proposed tenability endpoints for smoke, toxic gases and heat35 Annex H (informative) Generic worked examples for a number or design behavioural scenarios37 Annex I (informative) Example of intera
8、ctions calculations45 Bibliography48 Figure 1 Simplified schematic of processes involved in escape time compared to available safe escape time6 Figure C.1 Representation of pre-movement time distributions and effects of different levels of fire safety management24 Figure C.2 Some examples of measure
9、d pre-movement time distributions 24 Figure G.1 Walking speeds in non-irritant and irritant smoke35 Figure I.1 Phases of evacuation times for different populations in a square prescriptively designed retail enclosure with an area of 18 000 m2 calculated using GridFlow with the Sprucefield pre-moveme
10、nt time distribution46 Table 1 Design behavioural scenarios and occupancy types9 Table C.1 Suggested pre-times for different design behavioural scenario categories25 Table D.1 Constants for equation (A.1) (effects of density on travel speed), maximum unimpeded travel speeds (m/s) and flow rates (per
11、sons/s/m of effective width) for horizontal and stair travel28 Table D.2 Summary of maximum flow rates (reproduced from Thompson and Marchant 26)29 Table D.3 Maximum flow capacities from ADB 1729 Table D.4 Boundary layer widths30 Table G.1 Smoke tenability limits36 Table G.2 Proposed design tenabili
12、ty limit exposure concentrations for asphyxiant gases expressed as carbon monoxide for five minute and 30 min exposures37 Table G.3 Tenability limits for radiative and convective heat37 PD 7974-6:2004 ii BSI 1 July 2004 Foreword This Published Document (PD) was prepared by Subcommittee FSH/24/6. Oth
13、er parts published are as follows: Part 0: Guide to design framework and fire safety engineering procedures; Part 1: Initiation and development of fire within the enclosure of origin (Sub-system 1); Part 2: Spread of smoke and toxic gases within and beyond the enclosure of origin (Sub-system 2); Par
14、t 3: Structural response and fire spread beyond the enclosure of origin (Sub-system 3); Part 4: Detection of fire and activation of fire protection systems (Sub-system 4); Part 5: Fire service intervention (Sub-system 5); Part 7: Probabilistic risk assessment. These Published Documents are intended
15、to be used in support of BS 7974:2001, Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings Code of practice, but do not represent the only means of satisfying the recommendations of the code of practice. This Published Document can be used to set specific acceptance criteria
16、 and undertake detailed analysis for evacuation. It can be used to identify and define one or more fire safety design issues to be addressed using fire safety engineering. Drafting of this publication was completed in February 2004. Acknowledgement is made to the contribution of Mr D. Berry of HM Fi
17、re Inspectorate DTLR and Prof D. Purser of FRS/BRE in the preparation of this publication. It has been assumed in the drafting of this Published Document that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent people. Attention is drawn to the Building Regulations
18、1 and BS 7974:2001. This Published Document takes the form of guidance and recommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification and particular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are not misleading. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
19、 provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a Published Document does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 49 and a back cover.
20、 The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. PD 7974-6:2004 BSI 1 July 2004 1 Introduction This Published Document provides information on engineering methods currently available for the evaluation and management of occupant behaviour, particularl
21、y escape behaviour, during a fire emergency and for the evaluation of occupant condition, especially in relation to exposure to fire effluent and heat. In most cases of fire, this involves evacuation of the occupants. A basic principle of a performance-based (fire safety engineering) building design
22、 is that the available safe escape time (ASET) is greater than the required safe escape time (RSET) by an appropriate margin of safety. An appropriate margin of safety takes account of the risks associated with different potential fire scenarios and the uncertainties in the prediction of ASET and RS
23、ET for particular design scenarios 2. An ideal fire safety design should ensure that building occupants are able to reach a place of safety without ever coming into contact with or even being aware of fire effluent and/or heat. This should be the main design criterion for the safety of the majority
24、of occupants in multi-compartment buildings (BS 7974 and BS ISO/TR 13387-8). A major design criterion is therefore the estimation of the time required for escape in situations where occupants are not directly affected by fire effluent or heat. There will inevitably be some potential scenarios when s
25、ome occupants will become aware of or be exposed to fire effluent, particularly when the occupants are in the enclosure of fire origin. This can vary between seeing fire or smoke or exposure to slight smoke contamination, common in many accidental fires, to life threatening exposures such as in majo
26、r fire disasters. For all of these types of scenarios, it is important to be able to assess the likely effects of such exposures, either as part of the main design or as part of a risk assessment. In order to achieve these evaluations, detailed input information is required in four main areas: a) th
27、e building design and emergency life safety management strategy; b) the occupant characteristics; c) the fire simulation dynamics; d) intervention effects. The response of occupants to a fire condition is influenced by a whole range of variables in these four categories, related to the characterizat
28、ion of the occupants in terms of their number, distribution within the building at different times, their familiarity with the building, their abilities, behaviours and other attributes; the characterization of the building including its use, layout and services; the provision for warnings, means of
29、 escape and emergency management strategy; the interaction of all these features with the developing fire scenario and provisions for emergency intervention (fire brigade and rescue facilities). Guidance is provided on the evaluation of escape and evacuation times from buildings: a) in the absence o
30、f fire; b) when escape behaviour and therefore RSET is influenced by fire effluents and heat; c) the evaluation of ASET in relation to tenability limits due to fire effluents and heat. This Published Document is intended for use together with BS 7974 and the other parts of PD 7974. These provide som
31、e of the information necessary to perform a life safety evaluation and a means for the results of the life safety evaluation to be incorporated into the wider aspects of a fire safety engineering design. The time required for escape depends upon a series of processes consisting of: a) time from igni
32、tion to detection; b) time from detection to the provision of a general evacuation warning to occupants; c) evacuation time, which has two major phases: 1) pre-movement time (the time between that when occupants become aware of the emergency and that when they begin to move towards the exits). This
33、consists of the time required to recognize the emergency and then carry out a range of activities before travelling to exits; 2) travel time (the time required for occupants to travel to a place of safety). PD 7974-6:2004 2 BSI 1 July 2004 For detection, warning and pre-movement recognition and resp
34、onse times, most research on human behaviour has been essentially qualitative (BS ISO/TR 13387-8, 2 to 6). This has revealed the complexity of occupant behaviour during fire emergencies and the importance of these behaviours with respect to escape time. In many situations, they comprise the greatest
35、 part of the time required for escape (BS ISO/TR 13387-8, 2 to 8). Despite this, there has been little attempt to quantify the wide range of behavioural phenomena and the interactions between them, so that it is difficult to apply them to escape time calculations. Attempts have been made to develop
36、scoring systems for the qualitative evaluation of different occupancies with regard to the ease with which efficient evacuation can be achieved 5, but have not provided data usable by engineers for escape time calculations. In recent draft design standards, attempts have been made to relate pre-move
37、ment time to the type of warning system used (sounder, recorded voice message or direct personal address message) 7. In many situations the fire safety management system and occupant characteristics are more important (BS ISO/TR 13387-8, 2,6). Travel involves physically-based processes more amenable
38、 to design calculation methods 2,7,8,9,10,11. However, travel times can be affected by behaviours such as wayfinding and exit choice 2,3,5,6,7. Also, certain physical phenomena such as merging flows, have not been adequately solved 12. There is a considerable interaction between the various aspects
39、of pre-movement and travel times in the determination of total evacuation times for groups of building occupants. This has important implications for design performance evaluations 6,8. A range of human behaviours can be involved to a greater or lesser extent in all these phases of escape time. The
40、fire safety engineering approach adopted in BS 7974 considers a performance-based approach to achieve a global objective of fire safe design. The global design described in more detail in the framework document BS 7974 and the Published Documents is subdivided into a series of sub-systems. One princ
41、iple is that inter-relationships and inter-dependencies of the various sub-systems are appreciated, and that the consequence of all the considerations taking place in any one sub-system are identified and realised. Another principle is that the evaluation is time based to reflect the fact that real
42、fires vary in growth rate and spread with time. Despite this performance-based approach, it has to be recognized that some prescriptive parameters might need to be observed in any assessment of the life safety provisions within a building. 1 Scope This Published Document (PD) is intended to provide
43、guidance to designers, regulators and fire safety professionals on the engineering methods available for the evaluation of life safety aspects of a fire safety engineering design in relation to evacuation strategies. Should a fire occur in which occupants might be exposed to fire effluent and/or hea
44、t, the objective of the fire safety engineering strategy is to ensure that such exposure does not significantly impede or prevent the safe escape (if required) of essentially all occupants, without their experiencing or developing serious health effects. Advice is presented on the evaluation and man
45、agement of occupant behaviour, particularly escape behaviour, during a fire emergency and for the evaluation of occupant condition, particularly in relation to exposure to fire effluent and heat. This Published Document addresses the parameters that underlie the basic principles of designing for lif
46、e safety and provides guidance on the processes, assessments and calculations necessary to determine the location and condition of the occupants of the building, with respect to time. This Published Document also provides a framework for reviewing the suitability of an engineering method for assessi
47、ng the life safety potential of a building for its occupants. PD 7974-6:2004 BSI 1 July 2004 3 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the reference cited applies. For undated references, the latest
48、edition of the referenced document (including any amendments). BS 5588-0, Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildings Part 0: Guide to fire safety codes of practice for particular premises/applications. BS 5588-12, Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of buildin
49、gs Part 12: Managing fire safety. BS 7899-1, Code of practice for the assessment of hazard to life and health from fire Part 1: General guidance. BS 7899-2, Code of practice for assessment of hazard to life and health from fire Part 2: Guidance on methods for the quantification of hazards to life and health and estimation of time to incapacitation and death in fires. BS 7974, Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings Code of practice. BS ISO/TR 13387-8