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1、a Date: 30 April 2007 Origin: International Latest date for receipt of comments: 31 July 2007 Project no.: 2006/00488 Responsible committee: ACE/68/-/4 Space systems and operations - Space environment (natural and artificial) Interested committees: ACE/68 Title: Draft ISO 15856 Space systems - Space
2、 environment - Simulation guidelines for radiation exposure of non-metallic materials Supersession information: If this document is published as a standard, the UK implementation of it will supersede NONE and partially supersede. NONE If you are aware of a current national standard which may be affe
3、cted, please notify the secretary (contact details below). WARNING: THIS IS A DRAFT AND MUST NOT BE REGARDED OR USED AS A BRITISH STANDARD. THIS DRAFT IS NOT CURRENT BEYOND 31 July 2007. This draft is issued to allow comments from interested parties; all comments will be given consideration prior to
4、 publication. No acknowledgement will normally be sent. See overleaf for information on commenting. No copying is allowed, in any form, without prior written permission from BSI except as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988 or for circulation within a nominating organization f
5、or briefing purposes. Electronic circulation is limited to dissemination by e-mail within such an organization by committee members. Further copies of this draft may be purchased from BSI Customer Services, Tel: +44(0) 20 8996 9001 or email ordersbsi-. British, International and foreign standards ar
6、e also available from BSI Customer Services. British Standards on CD or Online are available from British Standards Publishing Sales Limited. Tel: 01344 404409 or email bsonlinetechindex.co.uk. Information on the co-operating organizations represented on the committees referenced above may be obtain
7、ed from the responsible committee secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement International or European publications referred to in this draft may be found via the British Standards Online Service on the BSI web site http:/www.bsi-. Direct tel: 020 8996 7792 Responsible Committ
8、ee Secretary: Mrs Sara Ansari (BSI) E-mail: sara.ansaribsi- Draft for Public Comment Head Office 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL Telephone: +44(0)20 8996 9000 Fax: +44(0)20 8996 7001 Form 36 Version 7.0 DPC: 07/30146204 DC Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank Universit
9、y, Wed May 16 04:11:07 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI b Introduction This draft standard is based on international discussions in which the UK has taken an active part. Your comments on this draft are invited and will assist in the preparation of the consequent standard. Comments submitt
10、ed will be reviewed by the relevant BSI committee before sending the consensus UK vote and comments to the international secretariat, which will then decide appropriate action on the draft and the comments received. If no comments are received to the contrary, then the UK will approve this draft. If
11、 the international standard is approved, it is possible the text will be published as an identical British Standard. UK Vote Please indicate whether you consider the UK should submit a negative (with reasons) or positive vote on this draft. Submission The guidance given below is intended to ensure t
12、hat all comments receive efficient and appropriate attention by the responsible BSI committee. Annotated drafts are not acceptable and will be rejected. All comments must be submitted, preferably electronically, to the Responsible Committee Secretary at the address given on the front cover. Comments
13、 should be compatible with Version 6.0 or Version 97 of Microsoft Word for Windows, if possible; otherwise comments in ASCII text format are acceptable. Any comments not submitted electronically should still adhere to these format requirements. All comments submitted should be presented as given in
14、the example below. Further information on submitting comments and how to obtain a blank electronic version of a comment form are available from the BSI web site at: http:/www.bsi- Template for comments and secretariat observations Date: xx/xx/200x Document: ISO/DIS xxxxx 1 2 (3) 4 5 (6) (7) MB Claus
15、e No./ Subclause No./ Annex (e.g. 3.1) Paragraph/ Figure/Table/ Note (e.g. Table 1) Type of com- ment Comment (justification for change) by the MB Proposed change by the MB Secretariat observations on each comment submitted 3.1 Definition 1 ed Definition is ambiguous and needs clarifying. Amend to r
16、ead . so that the mains connector to which no connection . 6.4 Paragraph 2 te The use of the UV photometer as an alternative cannot be supported as serious problems have been encountered in its use in the UK. Delete reference to UV photometer. Microsoft and MS-DOS are registered trademarks, and Wind
17、ows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 04:11:07 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY NOT BE REFERR
18、ED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH. IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO WHIC
19、H REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS. DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 15856 International Organization for Standardization, 2007 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION ISO/TC 20/SC 14 Voting begins on: 2007-04-23 Secretariat: ANSI
20、Voting terminates on: 2007-09-23 Space systems Space environment Simulation guidelines for radiation exposure of non-metallic materials Systmes spatiaux Environnement spatial Lignes directrices de simulation pour lexposition aux radiations des matriaux non mtalliques ICS 49.140 In accordance with th
21、e provisions of Council Resolution 15/1993 this document is circulated in the English language only. Conformment aux dispositions de la Rsolution du Conseil 15/1993, ce document est distribu en version anglaise seulement. To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the com
22、mittee secretariat. ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text composition will be undertaken at publication stage. Pour acclrer la distribution, le prsent document est distribu tel quil est parvenu du secrtariat du comit. Le travail de rdaction et de composition de texte sera effectu au Secrt
23、ariat central de lISO au stade de publication. Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 04:11:07 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO/DIS 15856 ii ISO 2007 All rights reserved PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accor
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30、d iii Contents Page Forewordv Introduction. vi 1 Scope .1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and acronyms.2 3.1 Terms and definitions2 3.2 Abbreviated terms and acronyms.5 4 Space environment radiation characteristics.6 4.1 Sources of ionizing radiation in space .6 4.2 R
31、adiation levels for Earth orbits .6 4.2.1 General.6 4.2.2 Electron irradiation.6 4.2.3 Proton irradiation .6 4.2.4 X-radiation6 4.2.5 Bremsstrahlung6 4.2.6 Ultraviolet radiation6 4.3 Methods for charged particle and photon irradiation 7 5 Properties of spacecraft materials7 5.1 General.7 5.2 Surface
32、 properties.7 5.3 Volume (bulk) properties.7 5.4 Measure of radiation action 7 6 Requirements for simulation of space radiation8 6.1 Objective 8 6.2 Methodology 8 6.3 Methodology for simulation that involves simulation of the type of radiation, its spectrum, and intensity 8 6.3.1 Type of radiation8
33、6.3.2 Ionizing radiation spectrum.9 6.3.3 Dose rates9 7 Radiation sources for simulation10 7.1 Sources 10 7.2 Low-energy protons.10 7.3 Low-energy electrons11 7.4 High-energy proton accelerators11 7.5 High-energy electron accelerators .11 7.6 Bremsstrahlung11 7.7 Neutron beam11 7.8 Ultraviolet radia
34、tion11 7.8.1 Far UV11 7.8.2 Near UV11 7.8.3 Monochromatic Sources .11 8 Alternate simulation method.12 8.1 Methodology 12 8.2 Standard spacecraft orbits12 Annex A (informative) Additional Information.14 A.1 Space radiation environment14 DRAFT 2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London
35、South Bank University, Wed May 16 04:11:07 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO/CD 15856 iv ISO 2005 All rights reserved A.2 Most used codes .14 Annex B (informative) Depth dose16 B.1 Depth dose distribution.16 B.2 Simulation of depth dose profile.18 B.3 Reliability of radiation spectrum s
36、imulation.20 Annex C (informativ) Accelerated tests24 Bibliography.25 Figures Figure B.1 Depth dose profile in FEP (Reference 2.9)17 Figure B.2 Depth dose profile in Al for different orbits (Provided by ONERA-CERT, France).18 Figure B.3 Dose profile in Al for GEO orbit and monoenergetic simulation b
37、eams (Provided by ONERA- CERT, France).19 Figure B.4 Depth dose profile in cerium glass for POL orbit (800 km) and monoenergetic simulation beams (Reference 2.18)20 Figure B.5 Simulated depth dose profiles 22 Tables Table 1 Standard spacecraft orbits.12 Table 2 Energy fluence of corpuscular radiatio
38、n .13 Table 3 Absorbed dose of corpuscular radiation in aluminum at the depth 1 mg/cm2.13 Table A.1 Space radiation absorbed dose at various shielding depths on satellite Cosmos 1887 (% of the total dose) 15 Table B.1 Depth distribution criterion of absorbed dose (Reference 2.20)23 DRAFT 2007 Licens
39、ed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 04:11:07 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ISO/CD 15856 ISO 2005 All rights reserved v Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS
40、O member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, gove
41、rnmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC
42、Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member
43、 bodies casting a vote. ISO 15856 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee SC 14, Space systems and operations. DRAFT 2007 Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Wed May 16 04:11:07 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy,
44、 (c) BSI ISO/CD 15856 vi ISO 2005 All rights reserved Introduction This International Standard is necessary to design space systems that are highly reliable and will have long mission life spans. It is impossible to reproduce the space environment for ground testing of space system elements because
45、of the variety and complexity of the environments and the effects on materials. The reliability of the test results depends on simulating the critical effects of the space environments for a particular mission. The main objectives of the simulation are to get test results that are adequate to the ma
46、terial behavior in a space environment and to use existing radiation sources and methods available in the test laboratory. Nonmetallic materials used in space systems are affected by electrons and protons in a broad energy interval, electromagnetic solar radiation (both the near and the far ultravio
47、let radiation), and X-ray radiation. The response of nonmetallic materials to radiation depends on the type of radiation and its energy that define the ionization losses density, and the radiation response of materials depends on these losses. The radiation spectrum and chemical composition of mater
48、ials define the absorbed dose distribution, especially in the near surface layers. During the design of space system, it is necessary to simulate long mission time in reasonable ground time. For this reason, it is necessary to perform accelerated tests. With the need for conducting accelerated radia
49、tion tests, it is necessary to use dose rates that may be orders of magnitude greater than in the natural space environment. These high dose rates can influence the effects on the properties of materials. Therefore, the main requirement for the correct simulation in radiation tests involves simulating the correct effects of materials in space by considering the type, spec