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1、CACI CCS-O 93 = 0bb2949 O533987 AT9 Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale, 03/05/2007 02:35:59 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- A C 1 CCS-O 93 Ob629
2、49 051398B 735 CONCRETE CRAFTSMAN SERIES - CONCRETE FUNDAMENTALS Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale, 03/05/2007 02:35:59 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from I
3、HS -,-,- Robert C. Bates Gregory J. Carr Kenneth D. Cummins Charles M. Dabney Robert E. Glanviile A C 1 CCS-O 93 . I 0662949 0.513989 671 AC1 Committee E-703 Wiiiiam R. Phillips Chairman Samuel A. Greenberg Byron D. Hanson Oswin Keifer, Jr. Jay B. Kinhal Theodore WJ. Marotta C. Raymond Nowacki Paul
4、J. Tikalsky Thomas D. Verti Bradley K. Violetta This document has b e m reviewed in accordance with Institute publication procedures. Printed in the United States of America First Printing-November 1993 Victoria A. Wieczorek-Editorial Production Copyright 0 1993 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE PO Box 19
5、150, Redford Station Detroit, Michigan 48219 All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc
6、tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended to supplant individual tr
7、aining, responsibility, or judgement of the user. or the supplier o f the information presented. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 93-73934 Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale, 03/0
8、5/2007 02:35:59 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- A C 1 CCS-O 93 0662749 0533990 373 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface v Vocabulary . 1 Chapter 1 Introduction . 5 Chapter 2 Concrete Materials . 11 Chapter 3 Mixture Proportioning . 23 Chapter 4 Batching and Mixing Conc
9、rete . 35 Chapter 6 Curing and Protection . 61 Chapter 5 Handling. Placing and Consolidating Concrete . 42 Chapter 7 Field Testing and Control of Concrete Quality . 73 Chapter 8 Evaluating Concrete Strength - Core and Cylinder Strength Tests of Hardened Concrete 84 Appendix A References . 93 Appendi
10、x B Conversion Factors . 96 Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale, 03/05/2007 02:35:59 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- A C 1 CCS-O 93 D Obb29Y7 05L
11、399L 22T PREFACE This is the fourth booklet in the Concrete Craftsman Series published by the American Concrete Institute. This booklet is intended for anyone who wants a simple intro- duction to concrete and concrete construction. Craftsmen in the concrete field may find it particularly useful as a
12、 guide for good practice. The first booklet in this series, Slabs on Grade, CCS-1 covered good construction practices for slabs. The second booklet, Cast-in-Place Walls, CCS-2 described formwork, reinforcement, placing of concrete, curing, and wali finishes. The third booklet, Supported Beams and Sl
13、abs, CCS-3 provided technical background on such subjects as shoring, reshoring, form removal, reinforcement place- ment, and concrete placing, finishing, and curing. Since this book went back to cover the fundamentals, it is numbered accordingly. Concrete Fundamentais, CCS-O starts with the most ba
14、sic question of ali, “What is con- crete?“ Sections then cover materials, basic construction practices, and testing. This booklet is the perfect starting point for someone in the concrete industry, whether they be an apprentice, a journeyman, a foreman, a material supplier, or even a young engineer
15、without field exper- ience. This booklet is not a design aid but rather a guide to good practice. The design of concrete structures is the responsibility of a professional engineer. Designs are usualiy reviewed and approved by local building authorities and are gov- erned by codes such as the Unifor
16、m Building Code, Stan- dard Building Code, BOCA Code, or others which usually reference the “AC1 Building Code for Reinforced Con- crete, AC1 318.“ This booklet is not a replacement for any of these documents. It must be kept in mind that plans and specifications for a specific project, and local bu
17、ilding code requirements in any area, must be foliowed, even if they differ from the information in this booklet. V Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale, 03/05/2007 02:35:59 MSTNo reproduc
18、tion or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- A C 1 CCS-O 93 8 0bb2949 0533992 166 0 VOCABULARY If you are using this book as an introduction to con- crete, you will soon notice that a lot of ordinary words like accelerator, bleeding, blistering, honeycomb, slump, and many others have
19、their own very special meaning when ap- plied to concrete. To help with these meanings, weve listed some of the terms that appear in this book, along with brief definitions. For longer definitions and for other words not included here, see “Cement and Concrete Ter- minology (AC1 116R),” published by
20、 the American Con- crete Institute. Accelerator - Admixture that speeds up the normal set- ting and hardening of concrete. Admimre - Any material deliberately added to concrete before or during mixing, other than cement, water, aggre- gates, and fiber reinforcement. Aggregate - Sand, gravel, crushed
21、 stone and similar ma- terials mixed with cement and water to make concrete. Fine aggregate includes ali particles about Yi in. or less. Particles larger than 9 5 in. are called coarse aggregate. Air entrainment - Incorporation of minute air bubbles in 1 concrete during mixing. AU-entraining Agent -
22、 An admixture for concrete which causes air entrainment during mixing. Bleeding - Appearance of water on the surface of fresh concrete. Caused by settlement of the cement grains and particles of aggregate. Blistering - Irregular raising of a thin layer at the con- crete surface during or soon after
23、finishing work is.done. Bug holes - Small cavities in the formed surface of con- crete, resulting from air bubbles trapped against the. form during placement and consolidation. Cement puste - Cement and water mixture that is a part of concrete. Compressive strength - Measured maximum resistance of a
24、 concrete or mortar specimen to axial compressive load- ing, expressed as a force per unit cross-sectional area (pounds per square in., for example). Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale,
25、03/05/2007 02:35:59 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- A C 1 CCS-O 93 W 0662949 0533993 OT2 Consistency - The relative mobility or ability of freshly mixed concrete to flow. Consolidation - Process of removing voids from a fresh concrete mix and bringing solid
26、particles together; sometimes referred to as compaction. Crazing - Development of fine random cracks in a con- crete surface; also the resulting pattern of cracks. Curing - Maintaining satisfactory moisture and temper- ature in concrete during its early stages so that desired properties may develop.
27、 Dropchute - A device used to confine or direct the flow of a failing stream of fresh concrete. Dusting - Development of a powdered material at the surface of hardened concrete. Fineness modulus - A factor for evaluating aggregate; obtained by adding the total percentages of material in the sample t
28、hat are coarser than each of the sieves in a pre- scribed set, then dividing the sum by 100. High range water reducer - See Superplasticizer. Honeycomb - Voids left in concrete due to failure of the mortar to effectively fill the spaces among the coarse ag- gregate particles. Hydration - The chemica
29、l reaction between hydraulic ce- ment and water. Hydraulic cement - A cement that sets and hardens by chemical interaction with water and can do so under water. Portland cement is the hydraulic cement most commonly used in concrete. Mortar - A mixture of cement paste and fine aggregate. In fresh con
30、crete this is the material that occupies the spaces between the particles of coarse aggregate. Puste - See Cement puste. Plustic shrinkage cracking - Cracking that occurs in the surface of fresh concrete soon after it is placed and while it is still plastic. Piusticity - In concrete, the property th
31、at determines its ease of molding or resistance to deformation. Portland cement -A hydraulic cement made by finely pul- verizing the clinker formed when a mixture of calcium- and silica-containing minerals is heated to the point of fusion; usuaily has added gypsum interground to control 2 Copyright
32、American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale, 03/05/2007 02:35:59 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- A C 1 CCS-O 93 Obb2949 0533994 T39 the setting and hardening. See
33、also Hydraulic cement. Pozzolans - Siliceous or siliceous and aluminous materials that have little or no cementitious value when used alone. In finely divided form, in the presence of moisture, they react chemically with the calcium hydroxide (which is formed in concrete when portland cement hydrate
34、s) to form compounds that have cementitious properties. Most natural pozzolans are derived from volcanic material, while fly ash is a common industrial byproduct pozzolan. Prestressed concrete - Concrete in which internal compres- sion stresses are introduced to counteract tensile stresses produced
35、by service loads. e prestress is commonly in- troduced by tensioning tendons either before casting the concrete (pretensioned concrete), or after the concrete has hardened (post-tensioned concrete). Retarder - An admixture that delays the initial setting of concrete. Rockpocbt - A porous, mortar-def
36、icient portion of har- dened concrete consisting primarily of coarse aggregate and voids. Salamander - Portable heat source, usuaiiy o i l burning, used to heat an enclosure around or over newly placed concrete. Scahg - Local flaking or peeling away of the near-sur- face portion of hardened concrete
37、 or mortar. Segregation -The separation of coarse aggregate from the sand-cement mortar portion of the concrete mix. Slump - A measure of the consistency of fresh concrete, equal to the subsidence o f a molded specimen immediately after removal of the slump cone. Specified compressive strength - Com
38、pressive strength as required by contract documents andor local codes, given in force per unit area, such as psi (pounds per square in.). Supetplusticizers - More precisely called high range water reducers, these are admixtures that can temporarily make concrete flowable and easy to place. Alternati
39、vely, they can be used to reduce necessary water while improving concrete workability. Tensile strength - Maximum force per unit area (pounds per square in., for example) that a material is able to resist when loaded axiaily in tension. Tremie - A pipe or tube through which concrete is de- 3 Copyrig
40、ht American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale, 03/05/2007 02:35:59 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- A C 1 CCS-O 93 E3 0bb2749 0533995 975 posited under water. Wate
41、r-cement ratio -The ratio of the total amount of wa- ter (including water in HRWR) to the amount of cement in a concrete m i x , preferably stated on the basis of weight or mass; frequently abbreviated WIC. Recently, this term is often changed to water-cementitious materials ratio to account for the
42、 use of pozzolans to replace part of the cement in a m i x . concrete. Workability - The property of freshly mixed concrete that determines the ease and homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed, consolidated, and finished. Yield - The volume of freshly mixed concrete produced from a known qual
43、ity of ingredients; the total weight of ingredients divided by the unit weight of the freshly mixed 4 Copyright American Concrete Institute Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=listmgr, listmgr Not for Resale, 03/05/2007 02:35:59 MSTNo reproduction or networ
44、king permitted without license from IHS -,-,- A C 1 CCS-O 93 M 0662949 0513996 BOL CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION People who work with concrete should know what con- crete is made of and how it behaves. They should know the basic properties of concrete and they should also recognize safety precautions neede
45、d to protect themselves and other workers when they are placing and finishing concrete. Unlike other building materials that are delivered ready-to-use, concrete has to be manufactured at or near the job site just before it is used. T h i s makes the work of the concrete craftsman doubly important t
46、o the success of the construction project. Understanding the basics should help workers to pro- duce better concrete. This book will introduce you to the basics. To learn more; you may want to study some of the references shown in the appendix (page 93). Three impor- tant sources, frequently referen
47、ced in this book by their initials, are: American Concrete Institute (ACI): prepares codes, standards, and guides for design and construction i n con- crete. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM): prepares specifications and test methods for concrete materials and ready-mixed concrete. P
48、ortland Cement Association (KA): has many publi- cations explaining how to get good concrete and how to build with it. What is concrete? Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates (stone or sand). Nonnul-weight concrete, the concrete most commonly used for structural purposes, weighs about 140- 150 lb per CU ft. Lightweight structural concrete may weigh 100-110 lb per CU ft or less, while special heavyweight concretes weigh 180-400 lb per CU ft, or more. Most concretes today are made with portland cem