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1、The Authoritative Resource on Safe Water ANSI/AWWA B200-07 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B200-03) AWWA Standard Effective date: May 1, 2007. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors July 6, 1949. This edition approved June 11, 2006. Approved by American National Standards Institute Jan. 11, 2007.
2、Sodium Chloride Advocacy Communications Conferences Education and Training ?Science and Technology Sections 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 T 800.926.7337 www.awwa.org SM ii AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. A
3、WWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the us
4、er, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus o
5、f the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day o
6、f the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacture
7、r, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard
8、. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or lab
9、els that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. CAUTION NOTICE:The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revis
10、ed or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the America
11、n National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900. Science and Technology AWWA unites the entire water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technological knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standa
12、rds for products and processes that advance public health and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
13、 photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Copyright 2007 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA -,-,- iii Committee Personnel The AWWA Standards C
14、ommittee on Ion Exchange, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Steven J. Medlar, Chair Juan J. Menendez, Vice-Chair General Interest Members J.J. Gemin, Earth Tech (Canada) Inc., Kitchener, Ont., Canada(AWWA) R. Green,* WaterTrax Inc., Vanco
15、uver, B.C., Canada(AWWA) C.J. Martin, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Bakersfield, Calif.(AWWA) T.J. McCandless,* Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo.(AWWA) S.J. Medlar, Camp Dresser vacuum-granulated and compressed vacuum-granulated salt, 99.5 percent; or solar and compressed solar salt,
16、98 percent. 4.2.2pH of solution.The solution formed by dissolving 10 g of the salt in 190 mL distilled water to make a 5 percent solution shall have a pH value greater than 5 and less than 9.5. *Sieve numbers referred to in this standard are US Standard Sieve Series numbers, as specified in ASTM E11
17、. 4AWWA B200-07 Sec. 4.3Impurities 4.3.1General impurities.The sodium chloride shall contain no substances in quantities capable of producing deleterious or injurious effects on the health of those consuming the water treated by a material that has been properly regenerated with sodium chloride. The
18、 specified sodium chloride shall contain no contaminants that would cause treated water to fail to meet the requirements of US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking water regulations. In addition, the sodium chloride shall contain no constituents that, if released into treated water after
19、 regeneration and rinsing, will impair the usefulness of the water for domestic consumption. 4.3.2Specific impurity limits.The sodium chloride shall not exceed the maximum impurity limits listed in Table 1. 4.3.3Regulatory requirements.Materials shall comply with the require- ments of the Safe Drink
20、ing Water Act and other federal requirements. SECTION 5:VERIFICATION Sec. 5.1Inspection If desired by the purchaser, the shipment shall be inspected at the point of destination for evidence of foreign matter, such as dirt, fibers, lint, chips, or trash, which would be detrimental to the use of the s
21、alt. Table 1Maximum impurity limits Maximum Limitpercent by weight Rock Salt Vacuum- Granulated Salt Compressed Vacuum- Granulated Salt Solar Salt Compressed Solar Salt Moisture3.000.200.503.000.50 Dry Basis Water-soluble impurities Calcium and magnesium (Ca and Mg) Sulfate (SO4) 1.50 3.00 0.15 0.35
22、 0.15 0.35 0.60 1.40 0.60 1.40 Water-insoluble impurities2.000.050.050.150.15 Total impurities (soluble + insoluble)4.000.500.502.002.00 Grease, fat, or oil0.010.010.010.010.01 -,-,- SODIUM CHLORIDE5 Sec. 5.2Sampling If an inspection is performed as specified in Sec. 5.1 and the shipment passes the
23、inspection, sampling shall be as specified in this section. 5.2.1Sampling.Samples shall be taken at the point of destination. 5.2.2Number of packages.If the material is packaged, not less than 5 percent of the packages shall be sampled. No sample shall be taken from a broken package. 5.2.3Bulk shipm
24、ents.When delivered in bulk, the samples shall be repre- sentative of all parts of the bulk loads and shall not contain a disproportionate share of the top or bottom layers. Coarse material taken from bulk loads shall comprise at least 10 shovelfuls from different parts of the load, and the total ma
25、terial shall weigh not less than 100 lb (45 kg). The material shall be mixed and divided to make a sample of approximately 10 lb (4.5 kg) and handled as described in Sec. 5.2.5. 5.2.4Device.Finely divided material, whether in bulk or packages, may be sampled using a sampling tube that is at least 34
26、in. (19 mm) in diameter. Special precautions shall be used to avoid taking a disproportionate amount of the sample from the top or the bottom layers of the material. If the sodium chloride is handled by conveyor or elevator, a mechanical sampling arrangement may be used. 5.2.5Handling.The gross samp
27、le, weighing at least 10 lb (4.5 kg), shall be thoroughly mixed and split to provide three 500-g material samples. Each material sample shall be sealed in an airtight, moisture-proof glass or plastic container. Each sample container shall be labeled to identify it, and the label shall be signed by t
28、he sampler. 5.2.6Test samples.One of the 500-g material samples (Sec. 5.2.5) shall be designated as the test sample for use by the purchaser. The two remaining material samples shall be retained for use according to Sec. 5.13, if necessary. Material samples shall be unsealed only when necessary to r
29、emove quantities of the material for testing. Immediately before testing, the particles of the 500-g test sample may be reduced by mechanical grinding or by hand in a mortar to such size that all of it passes a No. 8 sieve. Samples selected for testing should be weighed rapidly to avoid changes in m
30、oisture content. 5.2.6.1Rock, solar, and compressed solar salt. 1.Obtain a dry sample (use procedure in Sec. 5.4.1). 2.Mix well and weigh out a 25-g representative portion of rock salt or a 50-g representative portion of solar or compressed solar salt. 6AWWA B200-07 3.Place 200 mL of distilled water
31、 in a two-speed blender and start at low speed. 4.Slowly add salt to blender and then blend for 5 min at high speed with cover in place. 5.Test for water insolubles (see Sec. 5.5.1). 6.Save filtrate from water-insoluble test, dilute in a volumetric flask to a 1-L stock solution for subsequent analys
32、es. 5.2.6.2Vacuum-granulated and compressed vacuum-granulated salt. 1.Obtain a dry sample (use procedure in Sec. 5.4.1). 2.Transfer 100-g sample to a 1-L volumetric flask. 3.Add 800 mL of distilled water and dissolve the salt. 4.Add 2 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) to solubilize water-in
33、sol- uble calcium salts, particularly calcium carbonate (CaCO3). 5.Dilute to volume and mix to make stock solution for subsequent analyses. Sec. 5.3Test ProceduresGeneral Sampling shall be conducted according to Sec. 5.2 of this standard. The purchaser shall complete the laboratory examination of th
34、e sample within five working days after the shipment is received. Methods of testing sodium chloride shall conform to the procedures presented in the following sections. Alternative procedures shall only be used with the written approval of the purchaser. In any case of conflict, the methods of this
35、 standard shall prevail. Sec. 5.4Moisture 5.4.1Procedure. 1.Weigh (to the nearest 0.01 g) 50 g of rock or solar salt, or 100 g (to the nearest 0.01 g) of vacuum-granulated, compressed vacuum-granulated, or compressed solar salt, in an as-received condition, into a previously dried and tared moisture
36、 dish. 2.Place in an oven at 110C. After 2 hr, remove to a desiccator; cool and weigh. Repeat until constant weight is obtained. 5.4.2Calculation. (Eq 1) loss of weight 100 weight of sample - -percent moisture= -,-,- SODIUM CHLORIDE7 Sec. 5.5Insoluble Matter 5.5.1Procedure for rock, solar, and compr
37、essed solar salts. 1.Transfer a 200-mL prepared sample from Sec. 5.2.6.1(6) to a 1-L Erlenmeyer flask. Wash blender with 100 mL of distilled water. Add blender wash and 300 mL of distilled water to flask to obtain a total of 600 mL of water. 2.Stir on a magnetic stirrer for 1 hr. Adjust the stirrer
38、speed to give maximum agitation without losing any sample as a result of splashing. Place beaker over top of flask while stirring. 3.Filter through a Gooch crucible and quantitatively recover insolubles on a previously dried (110C for 1 hr) and weighed (analytical balance) glass-fiber filter paper o
39、r equivalent. Wash until free of chlorides as determined by testing small portions of filtrate with approximately N/10 silver nitrate (AgNO3). Filtrate tested should be disposed of separately, without combining with the total filtrate. 4.Dilute filtrate and washings to 1 L in volumetric flask. 5.Dry
40、 the glass-fiber filter paper at 110C for 1 hr. 6.Cool in a desiccator and weigh on an analytical balance. 7.Save the filtrate for subsequent analytical procedures. 5.5.2Procedure for vacuum-granulated and compressed vacuum-granulated salt. 1.Place 100 g of the sample in a beaker and add 750 mL of d
41、istilled water. 2.Agitate with mechanical stirrer until the solution is complete. Filter through a Gooch crucible and quantitatively recover insolubles on a previously dried (110C for 1 hr) and weighed (analytical balance) glass-fiber filter paper or equivalent. Wash until free of chlorides as deter
42、mined by testing small portions of filtrate with approximately N/10 silver nitrate (AgNO3). The filtrate tested should be disposed of separately, without combining with the total filtrate. 3.Dry the glass-fiber filter paper at 110C for 1 hr. 4.Cool in a desiccator and weigh on an analytical balance.
43、 5.Dilute the filtrate to 1 L and save the filtrate for subsequent analytical procedures. 5.5.3Calculation. (Eq 2) increase in weight of filter paper 100 grams of sample - - percent of insoluble matter (dry basis)= -,-,- 8AWWA B200-07 Sec. 5.6Calcium The test procedure for calcium uses the ethylened
44、iaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) titrimetric method. 5.6.1Reagents. 1.Sodium hydroxide solution, 1N. Dissolve 40 g NaOH and dilute to 1 L with distilled water. 2.Ammonium purpurate indicator. A ground mixture of the dry powder and sodium chloride provides a stable form of indicator. Mix 0.20 g ammonium
45、 purpurate (murexide) with 100 g of reagent-grade NaCl and grind the mixture to pass a No. 40 to No. 50 sieve. 3.EDTA titrant, 0.0100M. Dissolve 3.72 g of the reagent grade of the disodium salt of EDTA in 1,000 mL of distilled water. Standardize against standard calcium solution using the procedure
46、described in Sec. 5.6.2. Standard EDTA titrant, exactly 0.0100M, is equivalent to 0.4008 mg Ca per 1.00 mL of titrant used. Titrant should be kept in heat-resistant glass or plastic bottles. Molarity M is used in the Sec. 5.6.3 calculation. 4.Standard calcium solution. Dry several grams of calcium c
47、arbonate powder (primary standard or special reagent low in heavy metals, alkalies, and magnesium) at 110C overnight or longer. Weigh 1.000 g into a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Slowly add 1:1 HCl until all the CaCO3 has dissolved. Add 200 mL of distilled water; boil to expel CO2. Cool, add a few drops
48、of methyl red indicator, and adjust to the intermediate orange color by adding 3N NH4OH or 1:1 HCl, as required. Transfer quantitatively to a 1-L volumetric flask and fill to the mark with distilled water. This standard solution is equivalent to 0.4008 mg Ca per 1.00 mL. Also, the standard solution is equivalent to 1.000 mg CaCO3 per 1.00 mL. 5.6.2Procedure. NOTE: Because the indicator is unstable at the high pH in this procedure, the titration should be performed immediately after adding indicator to the alkaline solution. 1.Pipette a 50- to 100-mL aliquot of stock into