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1、AIAA R-091-2003 Calibration and Use of Internal Strain- Gage Balances with Application to Wind Tunnel Testing Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:11:11
2、MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- AIAA R-091-2003 Recommended Practice Calibration and Use of Internal Strain- Gage Balances with Application to Wind Tunnel Testing Sponsored by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Abstract This document provides
3、 a recommended method for calibration of internal strain-gage balances used in wind tunnel testing. The practices include terminology, axis system definition, balance calibration methods, matrix, and documentation. Use of this document will facilitate the exchange of information among users, supplie
4、rs, and other interested parties. Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:11:11 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- AI
5、AA R-091-2003 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Recommended practice : calibration and use of internal strain gage balances with application to wind tunnel testing i sponsored by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. cm. “R-091-2003.“ Includes bibliographical refere
6、nces and index. ISBN 1-56347-645-2 (Hardcopy) - ISBN 1-56347-646-0 (Electronic) 1 . Wind tunnels-Standards. 2. Strain gages-Calibration-Standards. I. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. TL567.W5R43 2003 629.13452-dc21 200301 4347 Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Ast
7、ronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA 20191 Copyright O 2003 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics All rights resewed. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the
8、publisher. Printed in the United States of America. ii Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:11:11 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without lice
9、nse from IHS -,-,- AIAA R-091-2003 Contents Foreword v Dedication vi 1 1 . 1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 5 Introduction 1 Scope 1 Purpose . 1 Cautions and Limitations . 1 Concepts . 2 Forces and Moments 2 Balance Axis System and Moment Reference
10、Center 3 Balance Types . 4 Designated Balance Load Capacity . 6 Calibration 7 Calibration Process . 7 Matrix Determination . 16 Load Calculation Method 18 Transfer of the Calibration Result to the Test Environment 21 Emerging Technologies 22 Three-Component Balance Example . 25 Calibration Documenta
11、tion . 40 Matrix File 40 Calibration Report . 45 Calibration Load Envelope 48 Residual Load Error 51 Calibration Statistics 52 Facility Uncertainty 56 Sample Calibration Report 57 Concluding Remarks . 61 . Annex A: Glossary 62 Annex B: References 64 Tables Table 1 . Component Load and Bridge Output
12、Order and Terminology . 4 Table 2 . Bridge Output for Force, Moment, and Direct-Read Balances . 6 Table 3 . Measured Bridge Outputs for the Determination of the Zero Load Outputs 26 Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Empl
13、oyees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:11:11 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- AIAA R-091-2003 Table 4 . Calibration Loads and Bridge Outputs 26 Table 6 . Linear Matrix 29 Table 7 . Modified Bridge Outputs for Tare Load Calculation 3
14、0 Table 8 . Iteration 1 Tare Loads and Changes . 30 Table 9 . Calibration Loads Adjusted for Iteration 1 Tare Loads . 31 Table 1 O . Iteration 1 Interim Matrix 32 Table 11 . Iteration 2 Tare Loads and Changes . 33 Table 12 . Calibration Loads Adjusted for Iteration 2 Tare Loads . 33 Table 13 . Itera
15、tion 2 Interim Matrix 35 35 Table 15 . Calibration Loads adjusted for Iteration 3 Tare Loads 36 Table 16 . Iteration 3 Interim Matrix 37 Table 17 . Iteration 4 Tare Loads and Changes . 38 Table 18 . Calibration Loads Adjusted for the Final Tare Loads 38 Table 19 . Final Calibration Matrix 40 Table 2
16、0 . Contents of the Calibration Matrix File 41 Table 21 . Sample Calibration Matrix File . 42 45 Table 23 . Balance Details for a Calibration Report . 46 Table 24 . Calibration Details for a Calibration Report . 47 Table 25 . Data Reduction Description for a Calibration Report 48 Table 26 . Back-cal
17、culated Data and Residuals 51 Table 27 . Calibration Statistical Data . 53 Table 14 . Iteration 3 Tare Loads and Changes Table 22 . General Information for a Calibration Report . . Figures Figure 1 . Balance Axis System, Forces, and Moments 3 Figure 2 . Matrix Determination Process 17 Figure 3 . Sam
18、ple Load Calculation 20 Figure 4 . Applied Loading as Function of Database Point Number . 50 Figure 5 . Normalized Calibration Loading in Two-component Load Envelope Format . 50 Figure 6 . Load Envelope Sample for a Three Component Force Balance 50 Figure 7 . Residual Load Error and Applied Loading
19、as Function of Load Point Number 54 Figure 8 . Normalized Residual Load Error and Normalized Applied Loading as Function of Load Point Number 55 Figure 9 . Histogram of Normalized Residual Load Error with Theoretical Normal Distribution Superimposed 56 iv Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics
20、and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:11:11 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- AIAA R-091-2003 Foreword Internal balances are the mainstay instrument used in n
21、early every wind tunnel test to measure the aerodynamic loads on the test article. For the most part, each facility designs, fabricates, calibrates, and utilizes internal balances in near seclusion. However, with decreasing budgets and customers using multiple facilities, the time had arrived for co
22、llaboration on the design, use, calibration, and uncertainty estimation for internal strain-gage balances to begin. The concept of forming a working group for internal balances originated from discussions among individuals from the Arnold Engineering Development Center, the National Aeronautics and
23、Space Administration facility at Langley Research Center, and the Boeing Commercial Airplane Group. The discussions also revealed that there was considerable skepticism concerning the willingness to share information and the ability to reach consensus among the individuals working in the area of int
24、ernal balances. However, despite the skepticism, it was decided that the working group concept should go forward with the purpose of sharing information and developing recommended practices. The Ground Testing Technical Committee (GTTC) of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA
25、) was asked to sponsor a working group on internal balance technology. Upon approval, the Internal Balance Technology Working Group (IBTWG) was formed under the auspices of the GTTC. The objective of the IBTWG was to share information on, and experiences with, all facets of internal balances and to
26、develop recommended practices that would allow the facilities to work together to advance the state of the art. The working groups membership consisted primarily of individuals from organizations that calibrate and use internal balances. One of the early issues that had to be addressed was the worki
27、ng groups membership. Invitations to the first meeting were made to individuals from facilities in the U.S. and Canada. However, during the time of the first meeting, several European organizations expressed an interest in participating in the working group. After considerable debate, the initial in
28、vited members agreed that achieving consensus was going to be a difficult enough task among the current members and that expanding the membership might impede the groups progress, possibly to the point of being ineffective. The initial members agreed that the current group be limited to North Americ
29、an participation, but would support the development of a European working group if requested. Then, once recommended practices had been developed in both groups, representatives of each group could meet to develop a mutual set of recommended practices. As of the publication date of this document, a
30、temporary UK working group was formed; however, a European working group had yet to be formed. The following objectives were set as goals for the working group: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Provide a forum for the members to share information on the methodologies and capabilities for internal strain-gage ba
31、lances. (accomplished and has been very successful) Recommend a calibration matrix format that can be utilized in all of the testing facilities. (accomplished) Develop general guidelines for selecting a balance type and the extent of calibration necessary to meet the objectives of a particular wind
32、tunnel test. (some discussion but not accomplished) Develop a recommended balance calibration uncertainty methodology that is in agreement with existing uncertainty standards (AGARD AR-304 and AIAA S-O71 A-1999). (partially addressed) Develop methods of accounting for weight tare adjustments (both c
33、alibration and testing) that are accepted by the members. (accomplished for calibration only) Investigate new methodologies for the design, attachment, and calibration of internal balances. (not addressed) Develop and publish a Recommended Practices document for internal strain-gage balance methodol
34、ogies, including an adjustment methodology for thermal effects on balances. V Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:11:11 MDTNo reproduction or networking
35、 permitted without license from IHS -,-,- AIAA R-091-2003 (accomplished with the publication of this document, excluding thermal effects. Although thermal effects have a large affect on a balance, they are not included here since the existing methodologies were so diverse and there did not appear to
36、 be a time effective solution to the issue.) Note that the objectives do not include the implementation of any recommended practices, only the development. This is a result of most of the membership not being in positions in their organizations where they can decide such issues. However, all members
37、 agreed that they would promote the implementations of the recommended practices at their facilities. The working group made excellent progress in three areas: the exchange of information, which includes developing open communications and trust among the members; documentation of the balance technol
38、ogy in use at the member organizations; and the establishment of recommended practices. These efforts will benefit the wind tunnel testing community as a whole, as the recommended practices will improve understanding and communication between facilities and provide the potential to mitigate test cos
39、ts, and improve the quality of test data. The following officers and members have provided dedicated support, contributions, and leadership to the AIAA/GTTC Internal Balance Technology Working Group. Their efforts have resulted in the development of this Recommended Practice. David Cahill Nancy Swin
40、ford Allen Arrington Dennis Booth Richard Crooks Robin Galway Andrew Garrell Don Hamilton Steve Hatten Mark Kammeyer Chris Lockwood Phillip Luan Ray Rhew Stan Richardson Paul Roberts Mat Rueger Lew Scherer Frank Steinle Jim Thain Johannesvan Aken Chair, Sverdrup Technology Inc, AEDC Group Secretary,
41、 Lockheed Martin Space Systems Co. Secretary, QSS Group Inc., NASA Glenn Research Center Allied Aerospace, GASL Division, Force Measurement Systems Allied Aerospace, Flight Systems Division RobGal Aerotest Consulting (Retired IAR/NRC) Veridian Engineering (formerly Calspan) Institute for Aerospace R
42、esearchINRC The Boeing Company The Boeing Company Sverdrup Technology Inc., Ames Group Sverdrup Technology Inc., Ames Group NASA Langley Research Center Sverdrup Technology Inc., AEDC Group NASA Langley Research Center The Boeing Company Northrop Grumman Sverdrup Technology Inc., AEDC Group Institut
43、e for Aerospace ResearchINRC Aerospace Computing, NASA Ames vi Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:11:11 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted with
44、out license from IHS -,-,- AIAA R-091-2003 Doug Voss The Boeing Company Jimmy Walker Lockheed Martin LSWT Frank Wright Pat Whittaker The Boeing Company (Deceased) NASA Ames Research Center The AIAA Ground Testing Technical Committee (Mr. Dan Marren, Chairperson) approved the document for publication
45、 in January 2001. The AIAA Standards Executive Council (Phil Cheney, Chairman) accepted the document for publication in September 2003. The AIAA Standards Procedures provide that all approved Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides are advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or t
46、rade is entirely voluntary. There is no agreement to adhere to any AIAA standards publication and no commitment to conform to or be guided by a standards report. In formulating, revising, and approving standards publications, the Committees on Standards will not consider patents which may apply to t
47、he subject matter. Prospective users of the publications are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents or copyrights, or both. Ded cat ion The Internal Balance Technology Working Group has dedicated this Recommended Practice in the memory of Mr. Frank L. Wri
48、ght, formerly of The Boeing Company. Frank was instrumental in the formation of this working group and the sharing of his wind tunnel testing experience, knowledge, and insight through his participation were instrumental in its success. Copyright American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Provided by IHS under license with AIAA Licensee=IHS Employees/1111111001, User=Wing, Bernie Not for Resale, 04/18/2007 03:11:11 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- Copyright American Institute of Aer